Nobel Prizes and the Immune System

	Passive Aggressive Treatment Emil von Behring (1901) Von Behring identified factors in blood that neutralize the toxic products from tetanus and diphtheria bacteria, and he showed how these agents could be used to prevent illness and death caused by diphtheria microbes.
	Multiple Lines of Defence Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich (1908) The immune system works through more than one mechanism: Mechnikov identified phagocyte cells that engulf and devour intruders, Ehrlich's side-chain theory proposed how antibodies released in blood tackle invaders.
	A Shock Response Charles Richet (1913) Richet discovered anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction to toxins, which showed how the immune system can damage its host as well as provide protection against disease.
	Complementary Forces Jules Bordet (1919) Factors in blood serum work with antibodies to destroy bacteria, and Bordet's discovery of these complement proteins allowed the creation of tests that could diagnose many dangerous infectious diseases.
	Blood Relations Karl Landsteiner (1930) Landsteiner's discovery of human blood groups, and his system for typing blood, allowed blood transfusions to be carried out without the risk of adverse reactions.
	Raising Self-Awareness Sir Frank MacFarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar (1960) The concept of immunological tolerance showed how the body learns to recognize its own cells and tissues, which prevents the immune system from mounting a response against itself.
	Anatomy of a Killer Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter (1972) The two scientists independently deciphered the structure of antibodies, which revealed how seemingly identical-looking molecules can target specifically any one of a countless number of invaders for destruction.
	Seeking Signs of Compatibility Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George Snell (1980) Breakthroughs from the three researchers helped to build a picture for how a specific set of proteins found on the surface of cells can regulate the immune response.
	Creating Supply on Demand Nils Jerne, Georges Kohler and César Milstein (1984) Jerne's theories provided a clearer image of how the immune system engages antibodies to fight invaders, Köhler and Milstein's techniques for producing specific antibodies on demand helped to create better diagnostic tests and new treatments against diseases.
	Assembly Instructions for Antibodies Susumu Tonegawa (1987) By uncovering the genetic mechanism for the construction of antibodies, Tonegawa revealed how the body can generate millions and millions of antibody proteins from a much smaller number of genes.
	Double-Checking Cells Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel (1996) Doherty and Zinkernagel's discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells uncovered the general mechanisms used by the cellular component of the immune system to distinguish foreign agents from its own cells and tissues.