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Monday, January 24, 2011

Look for Simple rather than the complicated.

One of the most memorable case studies on Japanese management was the case of the empty soapbox, which happened in one of Japan's biggest cosmetics companies.

The company received a complaint that a consumer had bought a soapbox that was empty.

Immediately the authorities isolated the problem to the assembly line, which transported all the packaged boxes of soap to the delivery department. For some reason, one soapbox went through the assembly line empty. Management asked its engineers to solve the problem.

Post-haste, the engineers worked hard to devise an X-ray machine with high-resolution monitors manned by two people to watch all the soapboxes that passed through the line to make sure they were not empty.

No doubt, they worked hard and they worked fast but they spent whoopee amount to do so.

But when a rank-and-file employee in a small company was posed with the same problem, did not get into complications of X-rays, etc but instead came out with another solution. He bought a strong industrial electric fan and pointed it at the assembly line.

He switched the fan on, and as each Soapbox passed the fan; it simply blew the empty boxes out of the line.
 
Moral of the story: ALWAYS look for simple solutions. Devise the simplest possible solution that solves the problem

" So, learn to focus on solutions … not on problems "
 

Miscellaneous General Knowledge facts

The largest museum in the world is the American Museum of Natural History.
The lowest mountain range in the world is the Buena Bhaile.
The country known as the Land of Cakes is Scotland.
The place known as the Garden of England is Kent.
The tallest tower in the world is the C. N. Tower, Toronto, Canada.
The country famous for its fish catch is Japan.
The old name of Taiwan was Farmosa.
Montreal is situated on the bank of River Ottawa.
The city of Bonn is situated in Germany.
The literal meaning of Renaissance is Revival.
Julius Caesar was killed by Brutus.
The title of Desert Fox was given to Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.
The largest airport in the world is the King Khalid International Airport, Saudi Arabia.
The city in Russia which faced an earthquake in the year 1998 was Armenia.
The largest bay in the world is Hudson Bay, Canada.
The largest church in the world is Basilica of St. Peter, Vatican City, Rome.
The largest peninsula in the world is Arabia.
The largest gulf in the world is Gulf of Mexico.
The tallest statue in the world is the Motherland, Volgograd Russia.
The largest railway tunnel in the world is the Oshimizu Tunnel, Japan.
The world's loneliest island is the Tristan da cunha.
The word 'Quiz' was coined by Jim Daly Irishman.
The original meaning of 'Quiz' was Trick.
The busiest shopping centre of London is Oxford Street.
The residence of the Queen in London is Buckingham Palace.
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria.
The country whose National Anthem has only music but no words is Bahrain.
The largest cinema in the world is the Fox theatre, Detroit, USA.
The country where there are no Cinema theatres is Saudi Arabia.
The world's tallest office building is the Sears Tower, Chicago.
In the year 1811, Paraguay became independent from Spain.
The cross word puzzle was invented by Arthur Wynne.
The city which was the capital of the ancient Persian Empire was Persepolis.
WHO stands for World Health Organization.
WHO (World Health Organization) is located at Geneva.
FAO stands for Food and Agriculture Organization.
FAO is located at Rome and London.
UNIDO stands for United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
UNIDO is located at Vienna.
WMO stands for World Meteorological Organization.
WMO is located at Geneva.
International Civil Aviation Organization is located at Montreal.
The Angel Falls is located in Venezuela.
The Victoria Falls is located in Rhodesia.
Ice Cream was discovered by Gerald Tisyum.
The number regarded as lucky number in Italy is thirteen.
Napoleon suffered from alurophobia which means Fear of cats.
The aero planes were used in war for the first time by Italians. (14 Oct.1911)
Slavery in America was abolished by Abraham Lincoln.
The Headquarters of textile manufacturing in England is Manchester.
The famous Island located at the mouth of the Hudson River is Manhattan.
The founder of plastic industry was Leo Hendrik Baekeland.
The country where military service is compulsory for women is Israel.
The country which has more than 10,000 golf courses is USA.
The famous painting 'Mona Lisa' is displayed at Louvre museum, Paris.
The earlier name for tomato was Love apple.
The first President of USA was George Washington.
The famous words 'Veni Vidi Vici' were said by Julius Caesar.
The practice of sterilization of surgical instruments was introduced by Joseph Lister.
The number of countries which participated in the first Olympic Games held at Athens was nine.
Mercury is also known as Quick Silver.
Disneyland is located in California, USA.
The country which built the first powerful long range rockets is Germany.
Sewing Machine was invented by Isaac M. Singer.
Adding Machine was invented by Aldrin.
The national emblem of Spain is Eagle.
Archimedes was born in Sicily.
The total area of Vatican City is 0.272 square kilometers.
The largest temple in the world is Angkor Wat in Kampuchea.
The largest dome in the world is Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans, USA.
The largest strait in the world is Tartar Strait.
The Mohenjo-Daro ruins are found in Larkand District of Sind, Pakistan.
The largest city of Africa is Cairo.
The founder of KODAK Company was Eastman.
The Cape of Good Hope is located in South Africa.
The Heathrow Airport is located in London.
The neon lamp was invented by Georges Claude.
The last letter of the Greek alphabet is Omega.
The place known as the land of Lincoln is Illinois.
The US state Utah is also known as Beehive state.
The Kalahari Desert is located in Africa.
The Patagonian desert is located in Argentina.
The person known as the father of aeronautics is Sir George Cayley.
The most densely populated Island in the world is Honshu.
The two nations Haiti and the Dominion Republic together form the Island of Hispaniola.
The largest auto producer in the USA is General Motors.

The largest auto producing nation is Japan.
The famous ‘General Motors’ company was founded by William Durant.
The country that brings out the FIAT is Italy.
The first actor to win an Oscar was Emil Jannings.
The first animated colour cartoon of full feature length was Snow White and Seven Dwarfs.
The first demonstration of a motion picture was held at Paris.
The first country to issue stamps was Britain.
The actor who is considered as the biggest cowboy star of the silent movies is Tom Mix.
The Pentagon is located at Washington DC.
The world's largest car manufacturing company is General Motors, USA.
The world's biggest manufacturer of bicycles is Hero cycles, Ludhiana.
The world's oldest underground railway is at London.
The White House was painted white to hide fire damage.
The largest oil producing nation in Africa is Nigeria.
The longest river in Russia and Europe is Volga River.
The first Emperor of Germany was Wilhelm.
The last French Monarch was Louis Napoleon III.
"History is Bunk" was said by Henry Ford.
The term 'astrology' literally means Star Speech.
Togo is situated in Africa.
Coal is also known as Black Diamond.
The first Boxer to win 3 gold medals in Olympics was Laszlo Papp.
The first ruler who started war games for his soldiers was Genghis Khan.
The first cross word puzzle in the world was published in 1924 by London Sunday Express.
The lightest known metal is Lithium.
The Atacama Desert is located in North Chile.
The oil used to preserve timber is Creosote oil.
The founder of USA was George Washington.
The first talkie feature film in USA was 'The Jazz Singer'.
The chemical name of laughing gas is Nitrous oxide.
The US state Mississippi is also known as Tar Heel state.
The US state Indiana is also known as Volunteer state.
The US state Missouri is also known as Hoosier state.
The US state West Virginia is also known as Blue Grass state.
The US state known as 'Pine Free State' is Vermont.
The US state known as 'Mountain state' is Pennsylvania.
The US state known as 'Land of 1000 Lakes' is Arkansas.
The popular detective character created by Agatha Christie is Hercule Poirot.
The Pakistani President who died in an air crash was Zia-ul-Huq.
Yoghurt means Fermented milk.
Yankee is the nickname of American.
The International court of Justice is located in Hague, Holland.
The headquarters of World Bank is located at Washington DC.
Victoria Falls was discovered by David Livingstone.
The technique to produce the first test tube baby was evolved by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards.
The oldest residential university of Britain is the Oxford University.
The name of the large clock on the tower of the House of Parliament in London is called Big Ben.
Prado Museum is located in Madrid.
The number of keys in an ordinary piano is Eighty eight.
'Man is a Tool Making Animal' was said by Benjamin Franklin.
The term 'anesthesia' was coined by Oliver Wendell Holmes.
The first man to reach Antarctica was Fabian Gottlieb.
The Kilimanjaro volcano is situated in Tanzania.
The invention that is considered to have built America is Dynamite.
Words that contains all the vowels: Authentication, Remuneration, Education, Automobile, Miscellaneous and many more.
Words that contain all the vowels in order: Facetious and Abstemious.
Words that contain all the vowels in reverse order: Uncomplimentary, Unproprietary, Unoriental and Subcontinental.
Words with no vowel in them: Myth, Fly, Sky, Dry, Cry, Rhythm, Crypt.
Which country declares independence on 18th Feb 2008? - Kosovo.
Who was the founder of the kindergarten education system? - German educator Friedrich Froebel.


Aryan Invasion of India



India
  Imperialist Propaganda and the Aryan Invasion Lie
In an age where lies are mass-produced by powerful and manipulative governments, packaged, shipped, and then sold for consumption to the general public through various media outlets, true scholarship, void of bias, political, or material motivation, is difficult to come across, if not almost impossible. And extensive publications that are released, re-edited and then subsequently re-released, which describe the histories of countless countries subjected to European colonialism, which are produced by the colonizers themselves, are certainly no exception. I'd like to briefly discuss a topic that is very contentious and emotive, especially for Indians, as it is nothing less than an unprecedented historical scandal that somehow managed to be passed off as genuine scholarship.
The Aryan invasion theory basically states that the Indian civilization is a foreign creation, and that the entire culture is actually the invention of an invading race of blonde-haired, white-skinned foreigners from Europe. It is these primitive invaders, the theory says, that created an ancient civilization flourishing with advanced forms of technology and science, along with an enormous archive of transcendental wisdom, that is collectively known as India's Vedic empire. Proponents of the theory insist on building insidious and unproven arguments based on the Aryan invasion scheme, going as far as suggesting that the Indian natives were illiterate savages. Suspicion immediately arises when the monumental achievements of an ancient civilization are accredited to 'foreign white races' for which the scholars have no evidence of. Yes, the dubiousness of such bold claims becomes apparent to those who understand the mechanism of imperialist regimes and of those who follow in their footsteps. This form of postulation is consistent with the evangelistic mentality of perceiving indigenous peoples as being incapable of social evolution. This gives rise to notions of superiority, and this form of supremacy then attempts to validate the need for imperialism. So in effect, the Aryan invasion theory also makes the daring claim that all Indians of non-Dravidian background are essentially the descendents of this intrusive white race of barbaric marauders from Europe. The fallacies of this theory have been exposed and the truth continues to surface repeatedly, especially through the fields of archaeology and Vedic studies, yet it is ignored and rejected by those in positions of power. Even many of those who no longer believe in the Aryan invasion theory have been mislead into thinking that the whole project was due to honest mistakes in scholarship. However, the idea of an Aryan invasion is not the result of erroneous research or innocent misinterpretations of history.
 No, on the contrary, the Aryan invasion theory is the product of clever premeditation, a deliberate plot devised by numerous parties for political reasons, with racism centered at its core. Aside from being a tool used to maintain political ownership over India, the Aryan invasion theory ultimately promotes the racist notion that white-skinned Europeans are an inherently superior race of human beings, a superhuman species of some sort which, under the guidance of an apparent manifest destiny, colonized the natives of India to eradicate 'barbarianism' and establish 'civilization.'
The Aryan invasion theory goes on to say that this race of primitive invaders raided India sometime between 1500 and 100 B.C., enslaved the natives, and then spontaneously created a globally admired civilization that was unparalleled at the time. The British colonists, whose main aim was to subjugate the people of India under their authoritative Christian rule, and the prejudiced western scholars who together engineered the Aryan invasion theory, along with diehard advocates of the theory, have still not been able to make up their minds as to when this group of invaders first entered the nation, if they ever did, assuming that such a race of people actually existed. In fact, the so-called scholars who promote this propaganda haven't even been able to agree on a homeland from which this mysterious race of people originated, let alone generate ample evidence to formulate a convincing argument! They've simply thrown a handful of countries randomly into the air, still indecisive as to which one would create the most believable scenario. So far, every country eastward from Greece to Iran has been a candidate for the origin of these alleged 'Aryan invaders', including the Caucasus mountain range located between the Black and Caspian seas, along with the Eurasian areas of western Russia and Kazakhstan. As more and more information relating to Indian history is gathered, it becomes painfully obvious that the 'Aryan invasion' was a fictional event that was not a part of genuine history. Therefore, every assertion ever made regarding the history of India that finds it's basis on the Aryan invasion theory has no foundation in reality, as it possesses no supplemental data to reaffirm such an absurd claim, and must be rejected accordingly, as it is nothing more than mere speculative gossip on the part of racist scholars and authors with hidden agendas. It is these scholars, who write false renditions of history based on a theory that's grounded on Eurocentric narcissism and anti-Indian slander, who are responsible for intentionally publishing libel in the form of calumniating Indian and world history books, millions of which are sold yearly advocating this bogus notion of 'Aryan invasion.'
'Aryans' are not a race of nomadic European conquerors that rode into India on horses and chariots, wielding swords used in pillaging and colonizing the natives, driving them to the southernmost part of the country. They are not the mighty blond-haired, white-skinned warriors and traveling pirates that, according to popular belief, mated with the local women and created the Vedic empire after forcing the indigenous population into submission. No, at best this representation is a gross falsification and utter distortion of recorded history, a lie of the highest magnitude. The Aryan invasion theory is a scandal perhaps unequalled in the world of scholarship, evoking delusions of grandeur in its advocates regarding the allegedly inherent superiority of the 'great white race.' One single piece of evidence supporting this malicious campaign remains to be seen, although many in the western world become infatuated with such romanticized dogmas and believe them without any further question. Western audiences quickly accept tales of swashbuckling conquerors as truth, as they appeal to the primitive instinct of man, and because they have unfortunately been a reality for many indigenous cultures from around the world. Moreover, the Sanskrit term 'Aryan' is not even a racial connotation! It doesn't refer to a wandering race of barbarians, but rather to a person who follows a certain spiritual code, irrespective of race, color, religion, or nationality. 'Arya' can be roughly translated as 'one on the path of spiritual evolution', and 'Ya' refers to the supreme personality of God, Yadu, which is an alias for Krishna. Thus, a loose but appropriate definition of 'Aryan' would be 'one who is on the path to God-realization.' To apply this term to define nomadic barbarians, whose pastimes include the conquering and slaughtering of peaceful people, is ridiculous to say the very least.
The progenitors of the Vedic civilization were indigenous to India, contrary to popular belief. A great contradiction that is often overlooked lies here. We would be safe in assessing the level of mental development-insofar as it relates to the overall spiritual evolution of a race of plundering nomads perpetually engaged in the act of conquering societies of peaceful people-as being elementary, if not primitive. Primeval savages are not enlightened beings. This is even more evident if we take into consideration that these violent conquerors that supposedly existed were attributed to destroying any sign of civilization that they could find upon their mythical entry into India. How then, could a traveling gang of bloodthirsty bandits with no concept of civilization, oblivious of cooperation, obnoxiously counterproductive towards social progression, and thriving off of hatred, war, and destruction, possibly possess the mental abilities necessary to be able to produce a profound library of voluminous, eloquently written literature giving credence to highly advanced forms of astronomy, philosophy, mathematics, and religion? How could these roaming barbarians have created Sanskrit, the planet's oldest and most scientific language and parent language of almost all European and Asian languages? Are primitive savages to be accredited with creating this enormous archive of knowledge that gives credence to ages of erudition? In other words, how could a race of vagabond barbarians possess the capacity to create a highly advanced civilization? It's simply not possible.
The argument of the Aryan invasion theory becomes even more absurd once the basic principles of Sanatan Dharm, literally meaning 'the eternal religion', or better known as 'Hinduism', are explained. The wisdom found in the Vedas (ancient Indian scriptures) is said to be of divine origin, transmitted to the rishis, or ancient Indian seers, directly from the cosmos, from sentient beings residing in higher dimensions of existence that we are incapable of perceiving with the sensory organs alone. The rishis originally communicated the Vedic wisdom orally and then eventually transcribed it into literary format, in the form of the Vedas. The cosmic knowledge contained within the Vedas is not representative of the tenets of nomadic European barbarians! This should be quite obvious. Rather, the principles that constitute Sanatan Dharm are said to be universal truths that can be made to apply to beings living throughout the entire universe, not limited only to planet Earth or a certain region of our planet. These truths have been said to exist without a beginning and will continue to exist without end, hence the name 'eternal religion.' A most basic and fundamental principle of the eternal religion is that of non-violence. Taken in this context, the idea of a violent Aryan invasion into India is most incongruous with basic religious, humane principles that the primitive barbarians, who the scholars tell us founded the Indian civilization, are credited with loyally abiding by! Is it possible for tribes of ruthless, primitive conquerors to be skilled practitioners of non-violence who simultaneously possess a profound, awe-inspiring understanding of the universe? The answer needs no acknowledgement as the question answers itself!
The native denizens of India established the nucleus of the Vedic empire along the banks of the Indus and now dried-up Saraswati Rivers in northwestern India and Pakistan, although evidence of an advanced civilization of remote antiquity can be found throughout the country. For example, the Marine Archaeological Unit of the National Institute of Oceanography found the submerged city of Dwaraka, whose existence was until recently thought to be purely mythical, along the coast of Gujarat in 1985. This finding gives credence to the validity of the Mahabharata civilization of 3,000 B.C., explained in detail in the Mahabharata, which clearly illustrates the uninterrupted continuity of Indian civilization. Also, close geographical and geological examination of India, along with satellite photography, indicates that the massive Saraswati river, which is mentioned more times than any other river in the Rig Veda (oldest of the Vedas) and is described as being the life-giving center of the Vedic civilization, once flowed profusely, and that it dried up before 3,000 B.C., prior to any alleged Aryan invasion, thereby proving that the Vedas could not have been written some 1,500-2,000 years later by a race of foreign invaders! The oceanic symbolism, numerous maritime references, and astounding depth of knowledge regarding India's geography, which is vividly described in the Rig Veda, also prove that the founders of the Vedic civilization were native to India and could not have arrived from the distant land-locked areas that they are believed to have migrated from. In fact, the only type of migration that all genuine forms of evidence point to is that of the Vedic people leaving India in periodic diffusions, migrating in every direction due to natural disasters.
Moreover, the Harappan civilization (stretching from the borders of Iran to eastern Uttar Pradesh, larger than Mesopotamia and Egypt combined) has been incorrectly labeled 'pre-Vedic' because the archaeological excavations made in many of its sites unearthed the ruins of colossal urban cities that antedate all estimates ever given for the Aryan invasion, bringing the giant ancient civilization possibly as far back as 3,000 B.C. The scholars either intentionally ignore or carelessly overlook the uncanny similarities discovered to mutually exist between Harappa and the Vedic culture. Vedic tradition permeates Harappa, such as worship of fire altars, swastika symbols, seals depicting Lord Siva, and the legendary omkar symbol, all of which were found throughout several Harappan sites falsely labeled 'pre-Vedic.' Harappan and Vedic civilizations share more than a mere resemblance; they are identical. The similarities cannot be dismissed as coincidental and could not have developed independently of each other. The connection between Harappa and the Vedic civilization is obvious. They are one and the same. Harappa was the final monument of the Vedic Age. It has even been verifiably demonstrated that Harappa was built using highly advanced forms of mathematics, Vedic mathematics, derived directly from the Rig Veda, so it is impossible for this civilization to have been invaded and destroyed centuries later by an invading race of nomads who wrote the Vedas after its destruction! A mathematical doctrine belonging to the Vedic civilization, known as the Sulba-sutras, has been shown to be the source of both Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics, and the construction of Harappan fire altars were based on this text. Egyptian texts based on the Sulba-sutras date back to 2000 B.C., so Harappa clearly must predate even this date. Advocates of the Aryan invasion theory have been unable to address these issues and remain silent on such matters.
The Aryan invasion theory is a practice in racism, grounded specifically in western supremacy and geared towards oppressing the Indians by robbing their cultural identity and falsifying their ancestral heritage. It asserts that the Indian culture was an extension of previous developments made in Europe and that it was dependent on the superior intelligence of Europeans, thereby justifying the need for colonial rule and militant Christian expansion in India. It was also a colonization strategy utilized by the British regime to divide and conquer India by creating enmity between the inhabitants of the south and north, thus making it much easier to rule over a people who were plagued by internal dissension and lack of unity. The creator of this Aryan-Dravidian divide theory himself, Bishop Caldwell, admitted his linguistic theories to be of "vast political and moral importance", that being to serve the purpose of Christian missionary propaganda.
The British regime did not want it publicly known that the indigenous people of India built a highly advanced civilization in ancient times, one that eventually spawned the mathematics, science, philosophy, and religion of the rest of the world. So in order to debase the proficiency of the ancient Indians, they manufactured the Aryan invasion lie. Through the use of puppets, including prominent western scholars that work at prestigious institutions such as Harvard and Oxford and possess significant influence over academic circles, the British regime continues to enslave the Indian people, working secretly by promoting unfounded hearsay through the medium of 'Indology' courses taught at rich American universities. Along with these professors, the British Empire makes use of leftist Indian pseudo-scholars who wish to maintain a high position in the status quo, and Marxist Dravidians whose hubris prevents them from abandoning their animosity towards Indians that they perceive as being the descendents of the 'invading Aryans.' These pseudo-scholars, who also have the power to influence academic circles (which in turn publish material that influences the entire world), act as successors to dogmatic Christian missionaries left over from the British colonial era. Their libel is published on a large scale in India, where the universities quickly begin teaching this corrupted version of Indian history to its own people. This is a subtle, nearly undetectable form of slavery, which makes it extremely dangerous, as this form of spoon-feeding students misinformation under the pretext of 'formal education' is capable of programming millions in the absence of their awareness.
German nationalist and Christian missionary Max Muller further advanced the cause of the British regime and expanded the Aryan invasion theory, being one of the many major proponents of the theory who was simultaneously on the British government's payroll. Being well versed in Sanskrit and a world famous Orientalist who studied at Oxford, people from around the world naturally began to believe everything Muller said without thinking twice. What's worse is that in 1853 he introduced the Sanskrit term 'Aryan', which means 'one on the path to God-realization', into the English language; but he created a false meaning for it. He used the term 'Aryan' to describe a large family of languages. Under this phony definition he created even more fallacies, lying blatantly by speaking of "An Aryan language and its descendents" as quoted by Sir Julian Huxley. But Muller's racist campaign of degrading Indian culture did not stop there. He also created a fictional 'Aryan race' that he could associate with his equally fictitious 'Aryan language family.' These inane, fraudulent notions were "rapidly taken up in both England and Germany", as noted by Huxley. As a result, the idea of an 'Aryan invasion' into India became a globally accepted part of Indian history, although there was no evidence then, as there is no evidence now, for such a farcical claim. Muller even flatly stated in a letter he wrote to Duke of Argyll, who was appointed Secretary of State for India in December 1868, that "India has been conquered once, but India must be conquered again and that second conquest should be a conquest by education." He also added: "The ancient religion is doomed, and if Christianity does not step in, whose fault will it be?" Muller's methods of distorting widely available information on such a large scale, globally manipulating millions of people for the following one hundred and fifty years, would be impressive from a propagandist's viewpoint and are beyond the comprehension of the author of this essay. The icing on the imperialists' victory cake was the rise of Hitler. Hitler's decision to make the swastika, an ancient Indian emblem symbolizing peace and prosperity, the official symbol of his Nazi campaign, along with his habit of openly referring to himself and his Nazi army as 'Aryans', believing that they were members of a supreme human race, resulted in the inevitable completion of what Max Muller began.
One reason that this slanderous Aryan invasion theory worked and was easy to accept on a wide scale is because invasions were commonplace throughout India's history and had been well documented, providing easy accessibility to anyone who cared to research the topic. This calculated scheme also appealed to the masses because it remained consistent with the much-popularized Judeo-Christian tradition, which is filled with tales of invasions and blood baths glorifying militant colonial expansion. A one-dimensional image of history has been imprinted onto the minds of the public, making it difficult for people to perceive the many alternate historical scenarios possible.
Both the antiquity and authenticity of the Vedic civilization are purposely neglected and its uniqueness continues to go unrecognized. The genuineness of the Vedic civilization is denied even to this day, debauched and insulted by the very same minds that idolize the Biblical time scale, believing that the world was created in November of 4004 B.C., although evidence and sensibility clearly refute such nonsense. Those who vehemently believed in such absurd ideologies clearly found it impossible to acknowledge the venerability of the Indian civilization, and these are the same people who for some reason were given the task of 'teaching' the world about Indian culture. The defamatory Aryan invasion propaganda made it so that India could not claim ownership over any of its monumental achievements-the amazing discoveries of the Vedic civilization therefore had to be the product of intelligent, Christian, European minds-or so the British empire would want us to believe. It also meant that foreign imposition was necessary to 'civilize' India. Taken from this viewpoint, the Aryan invasion theory placed Hinduism as an import, as foreign to India as Islam and Christianity are. These historical forgeries helped to create a contaminated, untrue perspective of India, forcing people to perceive Indian culture as simply a combination of foreign influences. India was viewed from then on, and continues to be viewed by those who unknowingly accept the Aryan invasion theory as true, as a vast area of land with no cultural, religious, or national identity of its own, and is therefore treated as such, its future left entirely at the mercy of imperialistic forces that wish to shape it from the mold of their own selfish agendas. The collective identity of a nation and its inhabitants is thus destroyed.

Cardiac Catheterisation

Cardiac Catheterization
One of the greatest developments in cardiology in 20th
century came from Germany in 1929, when Werner
Forssman, a young surgery resident, performed the first
catheterization of the living human heart on himself.

Forssman’s goal was to find a safe way to inject drugs
into the right atrium for cardiac resuscitation.5 The use
of cardiac catheterization was further improved by Andre
Cournand and Dickinson Richards in 1941. They used
this procedure to detect faults in the mechanical function
of the heart.6,7 For this great work, these three men were

  • duly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956

Credit Cards

Who Invented Credit Cards?

A credit card is an automatic way of offering credit to a consumer.

Credit is a method of selling goods or services without the buyer having cash in hand. A credit card is only an automatic way of offering credit to a consumer. Today, every credit card carries an identifying number that speeds shopping transactions. Imagine what a credit purchase would be like without it, the sales person would have to record your identity, billing address, and terms of repayment. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, "the use of credit cards originated in the United States during the 1920s, when individual firms, such as oil companies and hotel chains, began issuing them to customers." However, references to credit cards have been made as far back as 1890 in Europe. Early credit cards involved sales directly between the merchant offering the credit and credit card, and that merchant's customer. Around 1938, companies started to accept each other's cards. Today, credit cards allow you to make purchases with countless third parties.

The Shape of Credit Cards

Credit cards were not always been made of plastic. There have been credit tokens made from metal coins, metal plates, and celluloid, metal, fiber, paper, and now mostly plastic cards.

First Bank Credit Card

The inventor of the first bank issued credit card was John Biggins of the Flatbush National Bank of Brooklyn in New York. In 1946, Biggins invented the "Charge-It" program between bank customers and local merchants. Merchants could deposit sales slips into the bank and the bank billed the customer who used the card.

Diners Club Credit Card

In 1950, the Diners Club issued their credit card in the United States. The Diners Club credit card was invented by Diners' Club founder Frank McNamara and it was intended to pay restaurant bills. A customer could eat without cash at any restaurant that would accept Diners' Club credit cards. Diners' Club would pay the restaurant and the credit card holder would repay Diners' Club. The Diners Club card was at first technically a charge card rather than a credit card since the customer had to repay the entire amount when billed by Diners Club. American Express issued their first credit card in 1958. Bank of America issued the BankAmericard (now Visa) bank credit card later in 1958.

The Popularity of Credit Cards

Credit cards were first promoted to traveling salesmen (more common in that era) for use on the road. By the early 1960s, more companies offered credit cards, advertising them as a time-saving device rather than a form of credit. American Express and MasterCard became huge successes overnight. By the mid-'70s, the U.S. Congress begin regulating the credit card industry by banning such practices as the mass mailing of active credit cards to those who had not requested them. However, not all regulations have been as consumer friendly. In 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court in Smiley vs. Citibank lifted restrictions on the amount of late penalty fees a credit card company could charge. Deregulation has also allowed very high interest rates to be charged.

Worlds toughest Material

A collaboration between the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the California Institute of Technology has developed a new form of metallic glass that is stronger and tougher than steel and may in fact be the world's toughest known material.
Robert Ritchie, one of the team's lead researchers comments: "These results mark the first use of a new strategy for metallic glass fabrication and we believe we can use it to make glass that will be even stronger and more tough."
Meaning the best may be yet to come.
In the world of material sciences, "strength" refers to a material's ability to withstand applied stress without failure (i.e. breaking, splintering, cracking). Whereas "toughness" refers to how much energy a material can absorb before failing—this is important for materials that are designed to withstand impact.
Glassy materials are inherently strong, but also very brittle (as in, not tough). Small shears can spread as cracks, resulting in material failure. However, the crystalline structure of metals can provide microstructual obstacles that can stop larger cracks from forming. It's difficult to shatter a sheet of metal with a hammer, but it's quite a different story for a sheet of glass.
The new metallic glass is a microalloy featuring palladium, a metal with a high "bulk-to-shear" stiffness that can counteract the brittleness of glassy materials. The palladium allows glassy materials to undergo extensive plasticity in response to stress—it takes less energy to bend than to crack.
"The addition of the palladium provides our amorphous material with an unusual capacity for extensive plastic shielding ahead of an opening crack," explains Ritchie. "This promotes a fracture toughness comparable to those of the toughest materials known. The rare combination of toughness and strength, or damage tolerance, extends beyond the benchmark ranges established by the toughest and strongest materials known."
But we shouldn't get enamored with fantasies of cars, buildings, and machines made from unbreakable materials quite yet. The production of this new metallic glass is still too intricate for the industrial scale. The original incarnation could only create rods that checked in at the 1 mm diameter mark. Only after the team added silver into the mix were the able to up the diameter to whopping 6 mm.
Still, this is a huge step towards the materials that will build a strong new future.