How do remote controls work?

Infrared Remote Controls: The Process

Pushing a button on a remote control sets in motion a series of events that causes the controlled device to carry out a command. The process works something like this:

1. You push the "volume up" button on your remote control, causing it to touch the contact beneath it and complete the "volume up" circuit on the circuit board. The integrated circuit detects this.
2. The integrated circuit sends the binary "volume up" command to the LED at the front of the remote.
3. The LED sends out a series of light pulses that corresponds to the binary "volume up" command.

One example of remote-control codes is the Sony Control-S protocol, which is used for Sony TVs and includes the following 7-bit binary commands:

Button	Code
1	000 0000
2	000 0001
3	000 0010
4	000 0011
Channel up	001 0000
Channel down	001 0001
Power on	001 0101
Power off	010 1111
Volume up	001 0010
Volume down	001 0011
Source: ARRLWeb

The remote signal includes more than the command for "volume up," though. It carries several chunks of information to the receiving device, including:

• a "start" command
• the command code for "volume up"
• the device address (so the TV knows the data is intended for it)
• a "stop" command (triggered when you release the "volume up" button)

So when you press the "volume up" button on a Sony TV remote, it sends out a series of pulses that looks something like this:

Sony TV remotes use a space-coding method in which the length of the spaces between pulses of light represent a one or a zero.

When the infrared receiver on the TV picks up the signal from the remote and verifies from the address code that it's supposed to carry out this command, it converts the light pulses back into the electrical signal for 001 0010. It then passes this signal to the microprocessor, which goes about increasing the volume. The "stop" command tells the microprocessor it can stop increasing the volume.

Infrared remote controls work well enough to have stuck around for 25 years, but they do have some limitations related to the nature of infrared light. First, infrared remotes have a range of only about 30 feet (10 meters), and they require line-of-sight. This means the infrared signal won't transmit through walls or around corners -- you need a straight line to the device you're trying to control. Also, infrared light is so ubiquitous that interference can be a problem with IR remotes. Just a few everyday infrared-light sources include sunlight, fluorescent bulbs and the human body. To avoid interference caused by other sources of infrared light, the infrared receiver on a TV only responds to a particular wavelength of infrared light, usually 980 nanometers. There are filters on the receiver that block out light at other wavelengths. Still, sunlight can confuse the receiver because it contains infrared light at the 980-nm wavelength. To address this issue, the light from an IR remote control is typically modulated to a frequency not present in sunlight, and the receiver only responds to 980-nm light modulated to that frequency. The system doesn't work perfectly, but it does cut down a great deal on interference.

While infrared remotes are the dominant technology in home-theater applications, there are other niche-specific remotes that work on radio waves instead of light waves. If you have a garage-door opener, for instance, you have an RF remote.

History of Tyres...from Google gearch

History of Tires
Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber in 1844 that was later used for the first tires.
More of This Feature • History of Gas Fueled Cars Related Resources • Automobile History • Bicycle History • Pneumatic Devices • History of Rubber Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber in 1844 that was later used for tires. In 1888, John Dunlop invented the air-filled or pneumatic tires, however, his were for bicycles.  In 1895, André Michelin was the first person to use pneumatic tires on an automobile, however, not successfully.  In 1911, Philip Strauss invented the first successful tire, which was a combination tire and air filled inner tube. Strauss' company the Hardman Tire & Rubber Company marketed the tires.  In 1903, P.W. Litchfield of the Goodyear Tire Company patented the first tubeless tire, however, it was never commercially exploited until the 1954 Packard.  In 1904, mountable rims were introduced that allowed drivers to fix their own flats. In 1908, Frank Seiberling invented grooved tires with improved road traction.  In 1910, B.F. Goodrich Company invented longer life tires by adding carbon to the rubber.  Goodrich also invented the first synthetic rubber tires in 1937 made of a patented substance called Chemigum. Pneumatic Tyre (Tire) John Boyd Dunlop (1840-1921) was a Scottish veterinarian and the recognized inventor of the first practical pneumatic or inflatable tyre/tire. His patent was for abicycle tire, granted in 1888. However, Robert William Thomson (1822 - 1873) invented the actual first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tire. Thomson patented his pneumatic tire in 1845, his invention worked well but was to costly to catch on. Dunlop's tire patented in 1888 did, and so he received the most recognition. William Thomson also patented a fountain pen (1849) and a steam traction engine (1867).