Reginald Fessenden Invented radio broadcasting (1906)

Reginald Fessenden.(

 (1866-1931)

By Mary Bellis
Canadian-born Reginald Fessenden had been trained as an electrician. So when Edison wanted to make him a chemist, Reginald Fessenden protested. Edison replied, "I have had a lot of chemists . . . but none of them can get results." Reginald Fessenden turned out to be an excellent chemist, working with insulation for electrical wires. He left the West Orange lab around 1889 and patented several inventions of his own, including patents for telephony and telegraphy. In 1906, Reginald Fessenden became the first person to broadcast words and music over radio waves.
Reginald Fessenden - Extracts From National Capitol Commission of Canada;
Canadian, Reginald Fessenden is best known for his invention of the modulation of radio waves and the fathometer. Fessenden worked as as a chemist for Thomas Edison during the 1880s and later for Westinghouse. Reginald Fessenden started his own company where he invented the modulation of radio waves, the "heterodyne principle" which allowed the reception and transmission on the same aerial without interference. On Christmas Eve, 1906, ships off the Atlantic coast with Fessenden-designed equipment broadcast the first trans-Atlantic voice transmission. Fessenden held over 500 patents and won Scientific American's Gold Medal in 1929 for the fathometer, which could measure the depth of water beneath a ship's keel.
At the end of the 19th century, people communicated by radio using Morse code - sputtering dots and dashes that trained radio operators could decode into a message. A Canadian inventor, Reginald Fessenden, changed all that. In 1900 he transmitted the world's first voice message. It took six years for Reginald Fessenden to refine his invention but on Christmas Eve, 1906, Reginald Fessenden made the first radio broadcast in history. In the 1920s, vessels of all sizes were using Fessenden's "depth sounding" technology. Thomas Edison invented the first commercial light bulb. ButReginald Fessenden re-invented the light bulb and did it better.

PLASTICS AND THEIR DISCOVERY

First man made plastic forks.

Celluloid is derived from cellulose and alcoholized camphor. John Wesley Hyatt invented celluloid as a substitute for the ivory in billiard balls in 1868. He first tried using collodion a natural substance, after spilling a bottle of it and discovering that the material dried into a tough and flexible film. However, the material was not strong enough to be used as a billiard ball, until the addition of camphor, a derivative of the laurel tree. The new celluloid could be molded with heat and pressure into a durable shape.

Besides billiard balls, celluloid became famous as the first flexible photographic film used for still photography and motion pictures. John Wesley Hyatt created celluloid in a strip format for movie film. By 1900, movie film was an exploding market for celluloid.

Formaldehyde Resins - Bakelite

After cellulose nitrate, formaldehyde was the next product to advance the technology of plastic. Around 1897, efforts to manufacture white chalkboards led to casein plastics (milk protein mixed with formaldehyde) Galalith and Erinoid are two early tradename examples.

In 1899, Arthur Smith received British Patent 16,275, for "phenol-formaldehyde resins for use as an ebonite substitute in electrical insulation", the first patent for processing a formaldehyde resin. However, in 1907, Leo Hendrik Baekeland improved phenol-formaldehyde reaction techniques and invented the first fully synthetic resin to become commercially successful, tradenamed Bakelite.

Timeline - Precursors

• 1839 - Natural Rubber - method of processing invented by Charles Goodyear
• 1843 - Vulcanite - Thomas Hancock
• 1843 - Gutta-Percha - William Montgomerie
• 1856 - Shellac - Alfred Critchlow, Samuel Peck
• 1856 - Bois Durci - Francois Charles Lepag

Timeline - Beginning of the Plastic Era with Semi Synthetics

• 1839 - Polystyrene or PS discovered - Eduard Simon
• 1862 - Parkesine - Alexander Parkes
• 1863 - Cellulose Nitrate or Celluloid - John Wesley Hyatt
• 1872 - Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC - first created by Eugen Baumann
• 1894 - Viscose Rayon - Charles Frederick Cross, Edward John Bevan

Timeline - Thermosetting Plastics and Thermoplastics

• 1909 - First true plastic Phenol-Formaldehyde tradenamed Bakelite
- Leo Hendrik Baekeland
• 1926 - Vinyl or PVC - Walter Semon invented a plasticized PVC.....................................>
• 1927 - Cellulose Acetate
• 1933 - Polyvinylidene chloride or Saran also called PVDC - accidentally discovered by Ralph Wiley, a Dow Chemical lab worker.
• 1935 - Low-density polyethylene or LDPE - Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett
• 1936 - Acrylic or Polymethyl Methacrylate
• 1937 - Polyurethanes tradenamed Igamid for plastics materials and Perlon for fibers. - Otto Bayer and co-workers discovered and patented the chemistry of polyurethanes
• 1938 - Polystyrene made practical
• 1938 - Polytetrafluoroethylene or PTFE tradenamed Teflon - Roy Plunkett....>
• 1939 - Nylon and Neoprene
considered a replacement for silk and a synthetic rubber respectively Wallace Hume Carothers
• 1941 - Polyethylene Terephthalate or Pet - Whinfield and Dickson
• 1942 - Low Density Polyethylene
• 1942 - Unsaturated Polyester also called PET patented by John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson
• 1951 - High-density polyethylene or HDPE tradenamed Marlex - Paul Hogan and Robert Banks
• 1951 - Polypropylene or PP - Paul Hogan and Robert Banks

• troduced by Dow Chemicals.

Roy Plunkett

• 1954 - Styrofoam a type of foamed polystyrene foam was invented by Ray McIntire 
• for Dow Chemicals...
• 1964 - Polyimide
• 1970 - Thermoplastic Polyester this includes trademarked Dacron, Mylar, Melinex, Teijin, and Tetoron
• 1978 - Linear Low Density Polyethylene
• 1985 - Liquid Crystal Polymers.
• • 1908 - Cellophane ® - Jacques E. Brandenberger
  

• Jacques E. Brandenberger.

  Leo Hendrik Baekfield
  

Heinrich Hertz and other scientists connected to the invention of Radar and its applications.

Heinrich Hertz
Heinrich Hertz in Germany calculated that an electric current swinging very rapidly back and forth in a conducting wire would radiate electromagnetic waves into the surrounding space (today we would call such a wire an "antenna"). With such a wire he created (in 1886) and detected such oscillations in his lab, using an electric spark, in which the current oscillates rapidly (that is how lightning creates its characteristic crackling noise on the radio!). Today we call such waves "radio waves". At first however they were "Hertzian waves, " and even today we honor the memory of their discoverer by measuring frequencies in Hertz (Hz), oscillations per second--and at radio frequencies, in megahertz (MHz).

Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt (1892--1973)
Watson-Watt was the Scottish physicist who developed the radar locating of aircraft in England. He was born in Brechin, Angus, Scotland, educated at St Andrews University in Scotland, and taught at Dundee University. In 1917, he worked at the British Meteorological Office, where he designed devices to locate thunderstorms. Watson-Watt coined the phrase "ionosphere" in 1926. He was appointed as the director of radio research at the British National Physical Laboratory in 1935, where he completed his research into aircraft locating devices. Watson-Watt's other contributions include a cathode-ray direction finder used to study atmospheric phenomena, research in electromagnetic radiation, and inventions used for flight safety.
- Radar was patented (British patent) in April, 1935.

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Christian Andreas Doppler
Doppler RADAR is named after Christian Andreas Doppler. Doppler was an Austrian physicist who first described in 1842, how the observed frequency of light and sound waves was affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector. This phenomenon became known as the Doppler effect.

This is most often demonstrated by the change in the sound wave of a passing train. The sound of the train whistle will become "higher" in pitch as it approaches and "lower" in pitch as it moves away. This is explained as follows: the number of sound waves reaching the ear in a given amount of time (this is called the frequency) determines the tone, or pitch, perceived. The tone remains the same as long as you are not moving. As the train moves closer to you the number of sound waves reaching your ear in a given amount of time increases. Thus, the pitch increases. As the train moves away from you the opposite happens.

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Dr. Robert Rines
Robert Rines is the inventor of high definition radar and the sonogram, a patent attorney, the founder of the Franklin Pierce Law Center and a chaser of the Loch Ness monster.

Heinrich Hertz

Alexader Watson Watt

Chritian Andreas Doppler.

Sir Robert Rines.

Invention of tyres

Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber in 1844 that was later used for the first tires.


In 1888, John Dunlop invented the air-filled or pneumatic tires, however, his were for bicycles.


In 1895, André Michelin was the first person to use pneumatic tires on an automobile, however, not successfully.


In 1911, Philip Strauss invented the first successful tire, which was a combination tire and air filled inner tube. Strauss' company the Hardman Tire & Rubber Company marketed the tires.

• In 1903, P.W. Litchfield of the Goodyear Tire Company patented the first tubeless tire, however, it was never commercially exploited until the 1954 Packard.

In 1904, mountable rims were introduced that allowed drivers to fix their own flats. In 1908, Frank Seiberling invented grooved tires with improved road traction.


In 1910, B.F. Goodrich Company invented longer life tires by adding carbon to the rubber.


Goodrich also invented the first synthetic rubber tires in 1937 made of a patented substance called Chemigum.


Pneumatic Tyre (Tire)


John Boyd Dunlop (1840-1921) was a Scottish veterinarian and the recognized inventor of the first practical pneumatic or inflatable tyre/tire. His patent was for a bicycle tire, granted in 1888. However, Robert William Thomson (1822 - 1873) invented the actual first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tire. Thomson patented his pneumatic tire in 1845, his invention worked well but was to costly to catch on. Dunlop's tire patented in 1888 did, and so he received the most recognition. William Thomson also patented a fountain pen (1849) and a steam traction engine (1867).

Charles Goodyear
John Dunlop

Andre Michelin

Philip Strauss

The History of Vacuum Tubes Also Referred to as Electron Tubes

Vacuum Tube used in audios and TV

A vacuum tube also called a electron tubes is a sealed glass or metal-ceramic enclosure used in electronic circuitry to control the flow of electrons between the metal electrodes sealed inside the tubes. The air inside the tubes is removed by a vacuum. Vacuum tubes are used for: amplification of a weak current, rectification of an alternating current to direct current (AC to DC), generation of oscillating radio-frequency (RF) power for radio and radar, and more.

According to PV Scientific Instruments, "The earliest forms of such tubes appeared in the late 17th century. However, it was not until the 1850s that sufficient technology existed to produce sophisticated versions of such tubes. This technology included efficient vacuum pumps, advanced glassblowing techniques, and the Ruhmkorff induction coil."

Timeline

• In 1875, American, G.R. Carey invented the phototube.
• In 1878, Englishman Sir William Crookes invented the 'Crookes tube', an early prototype of cathode-ray tube.
• In 1895, German, Wilhelm Roengten invented an early prototype Xray tube.
• In 1897, German, Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the cathode ray tube oscilloscope.
• In 1904, John Ambrose Fleming invented the first practical electron tube called the 'Fleming Valve'. Leming invents the vacuum tube diode.
• In 1906, Lee de Forest invented the audion later called the triode, an improvement on the 'Fleming Valve' tube.
• In 1913, William D. Coolidge invented the 'Coolidge Tube', the first practical Xray tube.
• In 1920, RCA began the first commercial electron tube manufacturing.
• In 1921, American Albert Hull invented the magnetron electronic vacuum tube.
• In 1922, Philo T. Farnsworth develops the first tube scanning system for television.
• In 1923, Vladimir K Zworykin invented the iconoscope or the cathode-ray tube and the kinescope.
• In 1926, Hull and Williams co-invented the tetrode electronic vacuum tube.
• In 1938, Americans Russell and Sigurd Varian co-invented the klystron tube.
• 
• John Ambrose Fleming
• 
• Computer Vacuum tube

• Lee DeForest Biography

  Lee De Forest

  Born: 1873-08-26 Birthplace: Council Bluffs, IA Died: 1961-06-30 Location of Death: Hollywood, CA Remains: Buried, San Fernando Mission Cemetery, Mission Hills, CA Race: White Political Party: Republican Field: Inventor Famous for: Inventor of the Audion vacuum tube

Orville Wright & Wilbur Wright - First Piloted & Powered Airplane

Orville Wright & Wilbur Wright - First Piloted & Powered Airplane

"Flight is possible to man...[and] I feel that it will soon cost me an increased amount of money if not my life". - Wilbur Wright Co-Inventor of the first engined airplane.

Orville Wright (1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) had requested a patent application for a "flying machine" nine months before their first successful flight, they were that confidant.

As part of the Wright Brothers' systematic practice of photographing every prototype and test of their various flying machines, they had persuaded an attendant from a nearby lifesaving station to snap Orville Wright in full flight. The craft soared to an altitude of 10 feet, traveled 120 feet, and landed 12 seconds after takeoff. After making two longer flights that day, Orville and Wilbur Wright sent a telegram to their father, instructing him to inform the press that manned flight had taken place. This was birth of the first real airplane.

Airplane Technology - How Does an Airplane Fly

All things that fly need air. Air has power to push and pull on the birds, balloons, kites and planes. So how does an airplane use the properties of air to create flight.

Post Propeller - Jet Airplane Technology

Inventors continued to improve airplanes after the Wright Brothers, and this led to the invention of jets, which are used by both the military and commercial airlines. A jet is an airplane propelled by jet engines. Jets fly much faster than propeller-powered aircraft and at higher altitudes - as high as 10,000 to 15,000 meters (about 33,000 to 49,000 ft).

Two engineers, Frank Whittle of the United Kingdom and Hans von Ohain of Germany, developed the jet engine during the late 1930s.

Wright brothers in their workshop.

Wilbur and Orville Wright and Their Accomplishments, an oil painting by Dwight Mutchler, was completed in 1959. It honors Ohioans, the Wright brothers, who were first in flight. Their Dayton, Ohio bicycle shop can be seen on the right side of the . This art work is on display near the Rotunda of the Ohio Statehouse.