Antiseptics

Antiseptic, agent that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the external surfaces of the body. Antiseptics should generally be distinguished from drugs such as antibiotics that destroy microorganisms internally, and from disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on nonliving objects. Germicides include only those antiseptics that kill microorganisms. Some common antiseptics are alcohol, iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and boric acid. There is great variation in the ability of antiseptics to destroy microorganisms and in their effect on living tissue. For example, mercuric chloride is a powerful antiseptic, but it irritates delicate tissue. In contrast, silver nitrate kills fewer germs but can be used on the delicate tissues of the eyes and throat. There is also a great difference in the time required for different antiseptics to work. Iodine, one of the fastest-working antiseptics, kills bacteria within 30 sec. Other antiseptics have slower, more residual action. Since so much variability exists, systems have been devised for measuring the action of an antiseptic against certain standards. The bacteriostatic action of an antiseptic compared to that of phenol (under the same conditions and against the same microorganism) is known as its phenol coefficient. Joseph Lister was the first to employ the antiseptic phenol, or carbolic acid, in surgery, following the discovery by Louis Pasteur that microorganisms are the cause of infections. Modern surgical techniques for avoiding infection are founded on asepsis, the absence of pathogenic organisms. Sterilization is the chief means of achieving asepsis.

Binoculars..How they work

Binoculars are essentially a pair of identical refracting telescopes; they have a large objective lens at the front and a number of smaller lenses to enable an image to be brought into sharp focus.
Prisms are used so that larger objective lenses can be used - otherwise they would be limited by the distance between the eyes. The prisms reflect the image through two right angles in the binoculars. The prisms also reverse the inversion that occurs in refracting telescopes.

Joseph E. Murray

E. Donnall Thomas

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 was awarded jointly to Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"

Bar Code

BAR CODE
Bar codes (also called Universal Product Codes or UPC's) are small, coded labels that contain information about the item they are attached to; the information is contained in a numerical code, usually containing 12 digits. UPC's are easily scanned by laser beams. UPC's are used on many things, including most items for sale in stores, library books, inventory items, many packages and pieces of luggage being shipped, railroad cars, etc. The UPC may contain coded information about the item, its manufacturer, place of origin, destination, the owner, or other data. The first "bullseye code" was invented by Norman Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver, from work which they began in 1948. On October 20, 1949, they patented their bullseye code (a series of concentric circles that were scannable from all directions, using regular light). Woodland and Silver patented a new UPC in October 1952; the UPC was also improved and adapted by David J. Collins in the late 1950's (to track railroad cars). UPC's were first used in grocery stores in the early 1970's.

Erwin Neher

Bert Sakmann

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 was awarded jointly to Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"

Cure for baldness

Stem cells are the body's master cells. When manipulated in a laboratory they can be grown into any tissue in the human body from blood to bone and even whole organs.

But although stem cells are seen as the holy grail for medicine, progress has been slow and there are few widely available treatments.
Current treatments for baldness include hair plugs where stronger hair follicles from the side and back of the head are transplanted to bald spots.
However, the treatment takes five to 10 hours and would need to be performed repeatedly to create a natural appearance as hair loss continued.
Dr Lauster also believes that growing skin and hair follicles in the lab could eventually spell the end of animal testing.
He said: 'Since 1950 the number of new chemicals used in cosmetics has risen 500-fold, and so has the need for animals to be experimented upon to ensure they are safe for humans.

'This could well do away with the need for them to suffer,' he said.

The bioengineer plans to create a hair follicle test system that could be used for testing new drugs and cosmetics. He then hopes to develop a miniature liver, kidney and bone marrow ‘biochip’ in conjunction with the Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology.

Everyone knows what Post-it®  notes are: They are those great little self-stick notepapers.  Most people have Post-it®  Notes.   Most people use them.  Most people love them.  But Post-it®  Notes were not a planned product.
	No one got the idea and then stayed up nights to invent it.  A man named Spencer Silver was working in the 3M research laboratories in 1970 trying to find a strong adhesive.  Silver developed a new adhesive, but it was even weaker than what 3M already manufactured.  It stuck to objects, but could easily be lifted off.   It was super weak instead of super strong.
No one knew what to do with the stuff, but Silver didn't discard it.  Then one Sunday four years later, another 3M scientist named Arthur Fry was singing in the church's choir.  He used markers to keep his place in the hymnal, but they kept falling out of the book.  Remembering Silver's adhesive, Fry used some to coat his markers.  Success!  With the weak adhesive, the markers stayed in place, yet lifted off without damaging the pages.  3M began distributing Post-it ® Notes nationwide in 1980 -- ten years after Silver developed the super weak adhesive.  Today they are one of the most popular office products available.

Edmond H. Fischer

Edwin G. Krebs

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 was awarded jointly to Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"

Nobel Prize in 1993

Richard J. Roberts

Phillip A. Sharp

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 was awarded jointly to Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp "for their discoveries of split genes"

- Oxygen was discovered by Joseph Priestly.
- The largest temple in the world is the Angkor Wat in Cambodia.
- Japanese art of flower arrangement is called Ikebana.
- Nile is the largest river in the world.
- The Tibet Plateau is the highest in the world.
- The largest animal on the land is animal and in the sea is the blue whale.
- Zoology is the scientific study of animals.
- Telephone was discovered by Alexander Graham Bell.
- Damascus is the oldest city ever known in the world.
- Greenland is the largest island.
- Cuba is known as world’s Sugar Bowl.
- Sahara is the largest desert in the world.
- The world’s largest ocean is the Pacific Ocean.
- James Cook discovered Australia.
- Sri Lanka was earlier called as Ceylon.
- Samba is the native dance of Brazil.
- India and South Korea celebrate their Independence Day on 15th August.
- Norway is known as the land of Midnight sun.
- J.K.Rowling is the writer of the Harry Potter Series.
- The city of New York is nicknamed as Big Apple.
- Bhutan is known as the Land of Thunderbolts.
- Jamaica principally exports Sugar.
- Frederick Auguste Bartholdi sculpted the Statue of Liberty in New York.
- November 14th is celebrated as Children’s day in India. It is has been a dedication to India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who liked children.
- The first person to climb the Mt. Everest was Edmund Hillary.
- The first man to land on moon was Neil Armstrong. He landed on the moon in 1969.
- Venice is known as the city of canals.
- Alexander Eiffel built the Eiffel tower in Paris.
- The famous Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci.
- Rear Admiral Robert.E.Peary was the first man to explore the North Pole while Cap. Ronald Amundson was the first man to explore the South Pole.
- Tibet is generally termed as the Roof of the World.
- The Nobel Prize was established in 1895.
- Louis Hennepin discovered the Niagara Falls.