Armenian Genocide..1915 From Wikipedia

Armenian Genocide
Armenian civilians are marched to a nearby prison in Mezireh by armed Ottoman soldiers. Kharpert, Ottoman Empire, April 1915.
Location	Ottoman Empire
Date	1915 - 1923
Target	Armenian civilians
Attack type	Deportation, mass murder, etc.
Deaths	600,000 - 1,500,000
Perpetrator(s)	Ottoman Empire/Young Turk government

Armenian Genocide
Background
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire · Armenian Question ·"Hamidian" (1894–96) · Diyarbakir (1895) ·Zeitun (1895–96) · Ottoman Bank (1896) · Yıldız (1905) ·Adana (1909) · Young Turk Revolution (1908)
The Genocide
Congress at Erzurum · Red Sunday · Tehcir Law ·Labour battalions Deportation: Centres: All the settlements at Western Armenia Camps:Deir ez-Zor · Ra's al-'Ayn Foreign aid and relief:ACRNE · NARC Resistance: Zeitun · Van · Musa Dagh · Urfa · Shabin-Karahisar Responsible parties: Young Turks: Committee of Union and Progress (Talaat ·Enver · Djemal · Behaeddin Shakir) ·Special Organization · (Reshid · Djevdet · Topal Osman) Kurdish Irregulars Trials: Courts-Martial · Malta Tribunals · Soghomon Tehlirian
Armenian population
Population · Casualties

The Armenian Genocide^[1][2]—also known as the Armenian Holocaust, the Armenian Massacres and, by Armenians, as the Great Crime^[3]—was the systematic destruction of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I.^[4] It was implemented through wholesale massacres and deportations, with the deportations consisting of forced marches under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees. The total number of resulting Armenian deaths is generally held to have been between 1 million and 1.5 million.^{[5][6][7][8][9]} Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians andGreeks, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination.^[10][11][12]

It is widely acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides,^{[13][14]:177[15]} as scholars point to the organized manner in which the killings were carried out to eliminate the Armenians,^[16] and it is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust.^[17] The word genocide^[18] was coined in order to describe these events.^[19][20]

The starting date of the genocide is conventionally held to be April 24, 1915, the day when Ottoman authorities arrested some 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople.^[21][22] Thereafter, the Ottoman military uprooted Armenians from their homes and forced them to march for hundreds of miles, depriving them of food and water, to the desert of what is now Syria. Massacres were indiscriminate of age or gender, with rape and other sexual abuse commonplace.^[23] The majority of Armenian diaspora communities were founded as a result of the Armenian genocide.

The Republic of Turkey, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, denies the word genocide is an accurate description of the events.^[24]In recent years, it has faced repeated calls to accept the events as genocide. To date, twenty countries have officially recognized the events of the period as genocide, and most genocide scholars and historians accept this view.^{[25][26][27][28]}

Armenian genocide monument inLarnaca, Cyprus .Cyprus was among the first countries to recognise the genocide

Four Revolutionaries who could affect our lives

Courtesy of Barry Bruce

Growing Electricity

Barry Bruce, 50
Biochemist, University of Tennessee

Everyone agrees that we need new ways to meet the energy demands of the future, but there's little consensus on how to do it. Nuclear fission? Cleaner coal? Bio-diesel? Bruce is one of a small handful of researchers suggesting an entirely different road. Nature has its own incredibly efficient way of producing power from the sun--photosynthesis--so why not put it to work? "Essentially, you grow a power plant in a field or in a fermenter," says Bruce

 

© Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik

Quantum Teleportation

Ignacio Cirac, 41
Physicist, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics

No, we aren't quite to the point of "beam me up, Scottie," but last October, Cirac teleported stuff in his lab. The "stuff" in question was information (more technically, a "quantum state"), and Cirac managed to instantly transfer it across a distance of half a meter without it touching anything in between.

 

Courtesy of Esther Duflo

Fighting Poverty Efficiently

Esther Duflo, 34
Economist, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

While politicians tend to espouse solutions like "more aid" or "more trade," entrenched poverty is a great lingering economic mystery. Duflo designs studies to figure out which kind of aid projects work, and which don't. She was among the first development economists to evaluate aid projects using randomized trials, long the gold standard in scientific testing.

Courtesy of Kevin Eggan

P.C. Stem Cells

Kevin Eggan, 32
Cellular Biologist, HarvardUniversity

Eggan is leading the way to a world where stem cells--which have tremendous medical promise because of their potential to replace any damaged cell in the body--could be made without destroying embryos. Eggan is also becoming one of science's more outspoken voices, defending the necessity of pursuing embryonic cell research through all available means as a way of understanding scourges like diabetes and Lou Gehrig's disease

chinese-restaurant-syndrome.jpg

CHINESE RESTAURANT SYNDROME – attributed to the flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate (MSG) which is commonly added to Chinese food, the symptoms of Chinese Restaurant Syndromecan include feelings of numbness, pressure, warmth or tingling of the skin at the back of the neck and extending to the back and arms; nausea; chest pain, rapid heartrate, or heart palpitations; bronchial reaction in asthmatics; weakness and drowsiness. The onset is usually within 15 to 20 minutes of ingesting food and symptoms persist for around 2 hours. Though this syndrome has been reported by many, clinical studies to date have yet to demonstrate a significant relationship between the consumption of (pure) MSG and this syndrome. Though no current studies have tested the effects of MSG consumed in the context of Chinese food – perhaps MSG in combination with other ingredients often found in American Chinese food may bring about this reaction in some individuals. MSG is a known excitotoxin at higher blood serum levels, though beyond what one would experience from eating Chinese food.

Daily news from the Natinal Geographic..Tuesday morning.

Arctic Auroras

Photograph by Ole C. Salomonsen, arcticlightphoto.no

Northern lights dance over the Lyngan Alps in a picture taken Tuesday night near Tromsø, Norway. The brilliant auroras were triggered by a coronal mass ejection, or CME, that hit our planet Tuesday morning. A CME is a cloud of superheated gas and charged particles hurled off the sun.

On Monday, space-weather scientists reported that an especially strong solar flare had erupted from an active region on the sun, followed by the huge CME that came barreling toward our planet. The burst of activity triggered the strongest solar storm experienced since October 2003, according to experts atNOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, Colorado.

When a CME hits Earth, the charged solar particles can interact with gases in our atmosphere to produce the northern and southern lights. Sky-watchers were put on alert for intense auroras Tuesday night through Wednesday morning.

Halley's Comet Makes an Appearance..1910

1910: Earth passes through the tail of Halley’s comet. The anticipation of its arrival creates quite a stir. In some circles, the comet’s unusually close approach is seen as a sign of impending doom, a notion the down-market press does little to dispel.

The comet was named for British astronomer Edmond Halley, the first to determine its orbit and accurately predict its return to the Earth’s night sky. Although Halley died 16 years before his prediction could be tested, the comet appeared on Christmas night 1758, right on schedule. It’s been Halley’s comet ever since, appearing at regular 74- to 79-year intervals.

The 1910 pass of Earth was especially close and, thanks to expansive newspaper coverage, eagerly anticipated by the general public. In fact, Earth’s orbit carried it through the end of the comet’s 24-million-mile-long tail for six hours on May 19, earning the story the day’s banner headline in The New York Times.

While most reporters of the day turned to astronomers to get the facts straight, the yellow press chose to pursue the story in more fanciful ways, helping to fuel the fears of the impressionable that the end of the world was nigh. Despite some published reports leading up to the event, the comet’s tail did not contain poisonous gases, and there was never any danger of a celestial collision, either.

In anticipation of the comet’s arrival, telescope sales shot up, and hotels in large cities offered special packages that included rooftop viewings. President William Howard Taft had a look-see at the U.S. Naval Observatory and came away suitably impressed. Not everyone was taken in, though: The sitting pope, Pius X, dismissed the entire show as overblown.

The comet was at its closest, therefore its brightest, between May 14 and 22.

We can’t file this item without mentioning Mark Twain’s famous connection to Halley’s comet. Twain (nee Samuel Clemens), America’s pre-eminent man of letters, was born in 1835 as the comet passed over. In 1909, knowing that Halley’s comet was due to make another pass the following year, Twain predicted he would die when it did. Observatory telescopes picked up the comet on April 9, 1910, and followed it as it reached perihelion on April 20. Twain died the next day.

Halley’s comet is scheduled to make its next appearance in late July 2061.

Of the thousands of known comets in the solar system, Halley's comet is one of some 200 that are periodic. Halley's comet orbits Earth every 76 years; the next flyby will occur in 2061.

Comet C/2001 Q4, also known as NEAT, emits a blue-and-purple glow as it moves through the cosmos in May 2004. Its coma, or head, and a portion of its tail are visible in this shot, as are myriad stars. This image was taken by telescope from Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona.

Science madeeasy.Are you right or left eyed

Are you right or left-eyed?

Make a circle with your thumb and first finger. With both eyes open look at an object on the wall or in the distance, and centre it inside the circle. Now close one eye, and then the other. What happens?

What’s happening?

When you closed your left or right eye you should have found that the object jumps outside the circle. If the object seemed to move when you closed your left eye – then you have left eye dominance. If the object moved more when your right eye was closed, then your right eye is the dominant one.

Your brain builds up an image of the world around you using slightly different views from your right or left eye. Most people tend to have a dominant eye so that even when both eyes are open, one is giving priority information.

The object you chose was lined up to be in the circle using information from your dominant eye. When you close this one you can see that the object was not lined up for your other eye.

About 80% of the population are right-eyed, and a very small percentage seem to have no eye-dominance at all.

So what…?

If you take part in any sport that involves shooting at a target (eg archery or darts) then you should know your eye-dominance. Left eyed people should shoot with their left hand and vice versa.

SCIENCE MADE EASY..cell structure

Cells are the Starting Point All living organisms on Earth are divided in pieces called cells. There are smaller pieces to cells that include proteins and organelles. There are also larger pieces called tissues and systems. Cells are small compartments that hold all of the biological equipment necessary to keep an organism alive and successful on Earth.  A main purpose of a cell is to organize. Cells hold a variety of pieces and each cell has a different set of functions. It is easier for an organism to grow and survive when cells are present. If you were only made of one cell, you would only be able to grow to a certain size. You don't find single cells that are as large as a cow. Also, if you were only one cell you couldn't have a nervous system, no muscles for movement, and using the internet would be out of the question. The trillions of cells in your body make your life possible.   In 1665, Robert Hooke coined the term cell to describe the structures he could see in cork with some of the first microscopes. Since then, technology has given us an increasingly complex view of the basic unit of life.  One Name, Many Types There are many types of cells. In biology class, you will usually work with plant-likecells and animal-like cells. We say animal-like because an animal type of cell could be anything from a tiny microorganism to a nerve cell in your brain. Plant cells are easier to identify because they have a protective structure called a cell wall made of cellulose. Plants have the wall; animals do not. Plants also have organelles like the chloroplast(the things that make them green) or large water-filled vacuoles. We said that there are many types of cells. Cells are unique to each type of organism.Humans may have hundreds of types of cells. Some cells are used to carry oxygen (O2) through the blood (red blood cells) and others might be specific to the heart. If you look at very simple organisms, you will discover cells that have no defined nucleus (prokaryotes) and other cells that have hundreds of nuclei (multinucleated). The thing they all have in common is that they are compartments surrounded by some type of membrane.   They look like little cinnamon candies here, but they're actually the most common type of blood cell in the human body - red blood cells (RBCs). These biconcave-shaped cells have the tall task of carrying oxygen to our entire body; in women there are about 4 to 5 million RBCs per microliter (cubic millimeter) of blood and about 5 to 6 million in men. People who live at higher altitudes have even more RBCs because of the low oxygen levels in their environment.   Of the 100 billion neurons in your brain, Purkinje neurons are some of the largest. Among other things, these cells are the masters of motor coordination in the cerebellar cortex. Toxic exposure such as alcohol and lithium, autoimmune diseases, genetic mutations including autism and neurodegenerative diseases can negatively affect human Purkinje cells.   In this image, stained retinal blood vessels are shown to emerge from the black-coloured optic disc. The optic disc is a blind spot because no light receptor cells are present in this area of the retina where the optic nerve and retinal blood vessels leave the back of the eye.

Science made easy..HOW DO ANIMALS SPEND THE WINTER?

HOW DO ANIMALS SPEND THE WINTER?

The weather gets colder, days get shorter and leaves turn color and fall off the trees. Soon, winter is here. Snow covers the ground. People live in warm houses and wear heavy coats outside. Our food comes from the grocery store. But what happens to the animals?

MIGRATE

Animals do many different, amazing things to get through the winter. Some of them "migrate." This means they travel to other places where the weather is warmer or they can find food.

Many birds migrate in the fall. Because the trip can be dangerous, some travel in large flocks. For example, geese fly in noisy, "V"-shaped groups. Other kinds of birds fly alone.

How do they know when it is time to leave for the winter? Scientists are still studying this. Many see migration as part of a yearly cycle of changes a bird goes through. The cycle is controlled by changes in the amount of daylight and the weather.

Birds can fly very long distances. For example, the Arctic tern nests close to the North Pole in the summer. In autumn, it flys south all the way to Antarctica. Each spring it returns north again.

Most birds migrate shorter distances. But how do they find their way to the same place each year? Birds seem to navigate like sailors once did, using the sun, moon and stars for direction. They also seem to have a compass in their brain for using the Earth's magnetic field.

Other animals migrate, too. There are a few mammals, like some bats, caribou and elk, and whales that travel in search of food each winter. Many fish migrate. They may swim south, or move into deeper, warmer water.

Elk

Insects also migrate. Some butterflies and moths fly very long distances. For example, Monarch butterflies spend the summer in Canada and the Northern U.S. They migrate as far south as Mexico for the winter. Most migrating insects go much shorter distances. Many, like termites and Japanese beetles, move downward into the soil. Earthworms also move down, some as far as six feet below the surface

ADAPT

Some animals remain and stay active in the winter. They must adapt to the changing weather. Many make changes in their behavior or bodies. To keep warm, animals may grow new, thicker fur in the fall. On weasels and snowshoe rabbits, the new fur is white to help them hide in the snow.

Food is hard to find in the winter. Some animals, like squirrels, mice and beavers, gather extra food in the fall and store it to eat later. Some, like rabbits and deer, spend winter looking for moss, twigs, bark and leaves to eat. Other animals eat different kinds of food as the seasons change. The red fox eats fruit and insects in the spring, summer and fall. In the winter, it can not find these things, so instead it eats small rodents.

Animals may find winter shelter in holes in trees or logs, under rocks or leaves, or underground. Some mice even build tunnels through the snow. To try to stay warm, animals like squirrels and mice may huddle close together.

Certain spiders and insects may stay active if they live in frost-free areas and can find food to eat. There are a few insects, like the winter stone fly, crane fly, and snow fleas, that are normally active in winter. Also, some fish stay active in cold water during the winter. 

HIBERNATE

Some animals "hibernate" for part or all of the winter. This is a special, very deep sleep. The animal's body temperature drops, and its heartbeat and breathing slow down. It uses very little energy. In the fall, these animals get ready for winter by eating extra food and storing it as body fat. They use this fat for energy while hibernating. Some also store food like nuts or acorns to eat later in the winter. Bears, skunks, chipmunks, and some bats hibernate. 

 Hibernating black bear.

AND MORE

Cold-blooded animals like fish, frogs, snakes and turtles have no way to keep warm during the winter. Snakes and many other reptiles find shelter in holes or burrows, and spend the winter inactive, or dormant. This is similar to hibernation.

Water makes a good shelter for many animals. When the weather gets cold, they move to the bottom of lakes and ponds. There, frogs, turtles and many fish hide under rocks, logs or fallen leaves. They may even bury themselves in the mud. They become dormant. Cold water holds more oxygen than warm water, and the frogs and turtles can breath by absorbing it through their skin.

Insects look for winter shelter in holes in the ground, under the bark of trees, deep inside rotting logs or in any small crack they can find. One of the most interesting places is in a gall. A gall is a swelling on a plant. It is caused by certain insects, fungi or bacteria. They make a chemical that affects the plant's growth in a small area, forming a lump. The gall becomes its maker's home and food source.

Every type of insect has its own life cycle, which is the way it grows and changes. Different insects spend the winter in different stages of their lives. Many insects spend the winter dormant, or in "diapause." Diapause is like hibernation. It is a time when growth and development stop. The insect's heartbeat, breathing and temperature drop. Some insects spend the winter as worm-like larvae. Others spend the winter as pupae. (This is a time when insects change from one form to another.) Other insects die after laying eggs in the fall. The eggs hatch into new insects in the spring and everything begins all over again.

---

WHY ARE ZEBRAS STRIPED.

I remember asking my parents why zebras were striped or why did giraffes have such a long neck. Most of the time the answers were elusive and I used to be very irritated. I could never get the right answer to satisfy my curiosity. I now realize why my parents could not give me a concrete answer. You see I happened to be in the same dilemma when my three-year-old daughter asked me the same question! I was faced with the difficult task of giving her half-baked answers or finding the right answers this time.







The most obvious question to ask about zebras is why are zebras striped? Unfortunately nobody really knows the answer. Looking at zebras in the zoo, the striped pattern seems very conspicuous and could hardly be thought of as protective.






Zoologists believe the stripes on a zebra could be one of several reasons. It could be basically for camouflage very much like the military fatigues. The bold wavy lines of a zebra blend in with the tall wavy grassy plains of Africa where these animals live. The bold stripe may even serve to break up the shape of the Zebra. If a zebra is standing still in such surroundings, a lion, its chief predator, may overlook it completely.






It doesn't matter that the zebra's stripes are black and white and the grass are dusty brown or green, because the lion is colour blind!






However this may benefit an individual zebra in some situations but is it likely a large zebra herd would be able to escape a lion's notice? This is exactly where it helps the zebra most. Zebra herds are very large but they stay very close to one another.






When all the zebras stick together in a herd, the pattern of stripes blends in with the stripes of the zebras around it. This is confusing to the lion! All it can see is a large, moving, striped mass instead of many individual zebras. The lion has trouble picking out individual zebras and it's harder still for the lion to recognize which way each zebra is moving!






Each zebra pattern is unique like a fingerprint. Also like a fingerprint, the patter varies from zebra to zebra and no two zebras are exactly alike. What is truly amazing is that zebras can recognize other zebras from their body stripe! A mother can instantly spot her colt in a herd!






There are three species classified according to the variations in the arrangement of the stripes - the Imperial or Grevy's zebra, the Plains or Common zebra and the Mountain zebra - and several subspecies. The mountain zebra is the smallest of these averaging only four feet. It has silver-white stripes with black markings that extend to every part of the body except the stomach and the inner part of thighs. Plains zebras travel in large herds and are pale yellow with broad black stripes. This specie has several variations: some have stripes down to the hooves while the lower legs of the others are solid white without any stripes.






Do you know that people of Africa think of zebras as black animals with white stripes whereas people outside Africa consider them as white animals with black stripes! Black stripes or white, the fact remains that zebras are extremely unique and are among the fastest and most graceful of runners in the African bush land.