FDR Launches New Deal..1933

Presidents, 1933-1938

Basically the New Deal was a method of providing social security to the common man in USA. 

The nation needed immediate relief, recovery from economic collapse, and reform to avoid future depressions, so relief, recovery and reform becameFranklin D. Roosevelt's goals when he took the helm as president. At his side stood a Democratic Congress, prepared to enact the measures carved out by a group of his closest advisors — dubbed the “Brain Trust” by reporters. One recurring theme in the recovery plan was Roosevelt’s pledge to help the “forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid.”

Birth of the “New Deal”

The term New Deal was coined during Franklin Roosevelt’s 1932 Democratic presidential nomination acceptance speech, when he said, "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people." Roosevelt summarized the New Deal as a "use of the authority of government as an organized form of self-help for all classes and groups and sections of our country."

At his inauguration in March 1933, Roosevelt declared in his lilting style, "Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is, fear itself — needless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance." In his first 99 days, he proposed, and Congress swiftly enacted, an ambitious "New Deal" to deliver relief to the unemployed and those in danger of losing farms and homes, recovery to agriculture and business, and reform, notably through the inception of the vast Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The New Deal effects would take time; some 13,000,000 people were out of work by March 1933, and virtually every bank was shuttered.

The New Deal programs were born in Brain Trust meetings prior to Roosevelt’s inauguration, and also were a grateful nod to Theodore Roosevelt's "square deal" of 30 years earlier. Members of the group included Raymond Moley, an American journalist and public figure; Rexford Tugwell, Adolf Berle of Columbia University, attorney Basil O'Connor, and later, Felix Frankfurter of Harvard Law School. Many of Roosevelt's presidential campaign advisors continued to counsel him after he was elected, among them Berle, Moley, Tugwell, Harry Hopkins, and Samuel I. Rosenman; but they never met again as a group after his inauguration.

Herbert Hoover

Opening the way for the New Deal, President Herbert Hoover was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Election of 1932. Hoover, who had been blamed for the stock market crash and the Depression, strongly opposed Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, in which the federal government assumed responsibility for the welfare of the nation by maintaining a high level of economic activity. According to Hoover, Roosevelt had been slow to reveal his New Deal programs during the presidential campaign and worried that the new president would sink the nation into deficit spending to pay for the New Deal. Roosevelt never consulted Hoover, nor did he involve him in government in any way during his presidential term.

The "Hundred Days"

The president called a special session of Congress on March 9. Immediately he began to submit reform and recovery measures for congressional validation. Virtually all the important bills he proposed were enacted by Congress. The 99-day (March 9-June 16) session came to be known as the "Hundred Days."

On March 12, 1933, Roosevelt broadcast the first of 30 "fireside chats" over the radio to the American people. The opening topic was the Bank Crisis. Primarily, he spoke on a variety of topics to inform Americans and exhort them to support his domestic agenda, and later, the war effort. During Roosevelt's first year as president, Congress passed laws to protect stock and bond investors.

Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd President of the United States
In office March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
Vice President	John N. Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman
Preceded by	Herbert Hoover
Succeeded by	Harry S. Truman
44th Governor of New York
In office January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1932
Lieutenant	Herbert H. Lehman
Preceded by	Al Smith
Succeeded by	Herbert H. Lehman
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
In office March 17, 1913 – August 26, 1920
President	Woodrow Wilson
Preceded by	Beekman Winthrop
Succeeded by	Gordon Woodbury
Personal details
Born	Franklin Delano Roosevelt January 30, 1882 Hyde Park, New York, U.S.
Died	April 12, 1945 (aged 63) Warm Springs, Georgia, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Eleanor Roosevelt
Children	Anna James Franklin (I) Elliott Franklin (II) John
Alma mater	Harvard College Columbia Law School
Occupation	Corporate lawyer
Religion	Episcopal
Signature

FDR and Churchill: Casablanca, Morocco January 1943. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill speak on the lawn of the President's villa during a conference.

World Leaders at the Yalta Conference: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill seated together during the Yalta Conference, February 4-11, 1945. (Photo Credit: Corbis)

Hitler at Dortmund Rally: Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) Party (from 1920/21) and chancellor (Kanzler) and Führer of Germany (1933–45). (Photo Credit: Corbis)

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Parker Brothers Sells the Game "Monopoly"..1931

Monopoly

The Monopoly Logo
Designer(s)	Elizabeth Magie Louis & Fred Thun[1] Charles Darrow
Publisher(s)	Hasbro Parker Brothers Waddingtons
Players	Some Versions 2–6 Other Versions 2-8
Setup time	5–10 minutes
Playing time	60–180 minutes (1–3 hours) [average]
Random chance	High (dice rolling, card drawing)
Skill(s) required	Negotiation, Resource management

I have seen and played only the UK version. It was a popular game during my school days. I do not see it these days, but I have seen an Indian version of Monopoly.World Champion are regularly played and a list of World champions are appended.

Date	Location	Winner	Nationality
1973	New York City	Lee Bayrd	USA
1975	Washington D.C.	John Mair	Ireland
1977	Monte Carlo	Cheng Seng Kwa	Singapore
1980	Bermuda	Cesare Bernabei	Italy
1983	Palm Beach, FL	Greg Jacobs	New Zealand
1985	Atlantic City, NJ	Jason Bunn	United Kingdom
1988	London	Ikuo Hyakuta	Japan
1992	Berlin	Joost van Orten	Netherlands
1995	Monte Carlo	Christopher Woo	Hong Kong
2000	Toronto	Yutaka Okada	Japan
2004	Tokyo	Antonio Fernandez	Spain
2009	Las Vegas	Bjørn Halvard Knappskog	Norway

 

Norwegian named Monopoly champion

Mr Knappskog said he would spend his winnings on a helicopter ride A 19-year-old Norwegian is $20,580 (£12,200) richer - in real money - after sweeping the board at the World Monopoly Championships in Las Vegas. Bjorn Halvard Knappskog, playing with the iron, beat rivals from 41 countries to take the prize money - equal to a game's bank reserves. It took him just over 40 minutes to beat the battleship brandished by Geoff Christopher of New Zealand. He said he was "the most surprised you could ever be" after his victory. "I think this was a really good final. It was the best game I played in the whole tournament," Mr Knappskog told the Associated Press in the ballroom of the Caesar's Palace hotel. The players, using the Atlantic City version of the game, were all champions in their home countries. Translators were on hand to help the competitors stick to the rules and negotiate property deals. Additional rules and an extra "speed dice" meant the game was over rather more quickly than the average contest.

Why are people from the Netherlands called Dutch?

Why are people from the Netherlands called Dutch?

Pictures of Delft.

LeydonKeukenhof

Veere.

December 16, 2011 

As we’ve discussed before, if you live in Michigan, you may consider yourself a Michigander or a Michiganian. (Check it out.) But why are demonyms so various and seemingly random? (A demonym is any name derived from a place. The word “demonym” was coined by Paul Dickson, an editor at Merriam-Webster, in his 1997 book Labels for Locals. Californian, Frenchmen, New Yorker, and Swiss are all demonyms.)

In some cases, the demonym preceded the place name. For example, Finland is the place where the Finns live, just as Germany is the place where the Germans live. The people came before the official government and place name. (Germany, as we know it, was called Prussia until 1932.)

In English we denote place of origin by suffixes. The most common suffixes that denote place are: -(a)n (Chicagoan), -er (New Yorker), -ese (Chinese), -ian (Norwegian), and -ish (English). Where did these suffixes come form? Latin, of course. -ish actually comes from Old English, which is why citizens of the British Isles have -ishdemonyms: Scottish, Welsh, English, etc. The other suffixes came from Latin, though they each convey slightly different senses. -ese most directly meant “belonging to or originating in a place.” -(a)n and -ian are variations on the same suffix meaning “belonging to.” -er was used principally in the sense of “one having to do with a thing,” as in lawyer or villager. As with most vocabulary in English, they all now coexist and serve the same purpose.

It’s also important not to confuse demonyms with adjectives. You can listen to an Argentinian song, but it is sung by an Argentine.

Now, what about the Dutch? There are three terms we need to define: Holland, the Netherlands, and Dutch. In Old English dutch simply meant “people or nation.” (This also explains why Germany is called Deutschland in German.) Over time, English-speaking people used the word Dutch to describe people from both the Netherlands and Germany. (At that point in time, in the early 1500s, the Netherlands and parts of Germany, along with Belgium and Luxembourg, were all part of the Holy Roman Empire.) Specifically the phrase “High Dutch” referred to people from the mountainous area of what is now southern Germany. “Low Dutch” referred to people from the flatlands in what is now the Netherlands. Within the Holy Roman Empire, the word “Netherlands” was used to describe people from the low-lying (nether) region (land). The term was so widely used that when they became a formal, separate country in 1815, they became the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The word “Holland” literally meant “wood-land” in Old English and originally referred to people from the northern region of the Netherlands. Over time, it came to apply to the entire country. Got all that?

Here are a few of our other favorite exceptions to the rule:
KiwiNeapolitan
Liverpudlian
Cypriot
Czech
Turk
Buckeye
Hoosier
Spaniard
Greek
Swiss
Swede
Uzbek

Scientists Split the Atom..1932

April 14, 1932: Zounds! We've Split the Atomic Nucleus

John Cockcroft (left) and Ernest Walton flank their boss, Ernest Rutherford, soon after their successful experiment. Rutherford won his Nobel Prize in 1908; Cockroft and Walton received theirs in 1951.
Courtesy Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge 

1932: John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton focus a proton beam on lithium and bust its nucleus. The era of accelerator-based experimental nuclear physics is born.

Ernest Rutherford, who first postulated the concept of atomic nucleus in 1910, had called for "a million volts in a soapbox" to advance nuclear research. Working in a vacant room at Rutherford's Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, Englishman Cockcroft and Irishman Walton used spare parts along with some wood and nails to build the world's first nuclear-particle accelerator in 1929. At the heart of the Cockcroft-Walton generator, a system of capacitors and thermionic rectifiers upped the voltages to 600,000 volts. It wasn't a million volts, but it proved sufficient.

The research duo used their new-found juice to accelerate hydrogen nuclei in a discharge tube and have them bombard a layer of lithium. Sure enough, when the hydrogen nucleus (one proton) collided with the lithium nucleus (three protons and four neutrons), the lithium broke into two helium nuclei (with two protons and two neutrons each) shooting off in opposite directions. POW!

First Walton, then Cockcroft, then Rutherford himself observed the results on a zinc sulfide screen: the wave patterns characteristic of the helium nucleus -- the alpha radiation Rutherford had discovered. It wasn't changing lead into gold, as the medieval alchemists had dreamt. But it was the first nuclear transmutation of one element (lithium) to another (helium) under full human control (as opposed to using natural radiation, as Rutherford had already done).

Even better, Cockcroft and Walton measured the total kinetic energy of the helium nuclei. It was greater than that of the original hydrogen and lithium nuclei. But they also observed a loss in the total mass of the nuclei. This provided confirmation of Einstein's law (E = mc²) on the equivalence of mass and energy. The initial computations were subject to experimental error, but later scientific work in this vein confirmed the equation in detail.

Particle accelerators advanced rapidly in power and design -- like Ernest Lawrence's circular accelerator, or cyclotron. (Earnest researchers, these chaps: Rutherford, Walton, Lawrence.)

Cockcroft and Walton received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1951. The citation from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said their work had "opened up a new and fruitful field of research which was eagerly seized upon by scientific workers the world over ... profoundly influenced the whole subsequent course of nuclear physics [and] stands out as a landmark in the history of science."

The Cockcroft-Walton circuit is still used to supply voltage in large particle accelerators.

The very word atom is from the Greek for indivisible.

How does a refrigator differ from an air conditioner?

How Does an Air Conditioner Work?

Air conditioners and refrigerators work the same way. Instead of cooling just the small, insulated space inside of a refrigerator, an air conditioner cools a room, a whole house, or an entire business. Air conditioners use chemicals that easily convert from a gas to a liquid and back again. This chemical is used to transfer heat from the air inside of a home to the outside air. The machine has three main parts. They are a compressor, a condenser and an evaporator. The compressor and condenser are usually located on the outside air portion of the air conditioner. The evaporator is located on the inside the house, sometimes as part of a furnace. That's the part that heats your house. The working fluid arrives at the compressor as a cool, low-pressure gas. The compressor squeezes the fluid. This packs the molecule of the fluid closer together. The closer the molecules are together, the higher its energy and its temperature. The working fluid leaves the compressor as a hot, high pressure gas and flows into the condenser. If you looked at the air conditioner part outside a house, look for the part that has metal fins all around. The fins act just like a radiator in a car and helps the heat go away, or dissipate, more quickly. When the working fluid leaves the condenser, its temperature is much cooler and it has changed from a gas to a liquid under high pressure. The liquid goes into the evaporator through a very tiny, narrow hole. On the other side, the liquid's pressure drops. When it does it begins to evaporate into a gas. As the liquid changes to gas and evaporates, it extracts heat from the air around it. The heat in the air is needed to separate the molecules of the fluid from a liquid to a gas. The evaporator also has metal fins to help in exchange the thermal energy with the surrounding air. By the time the working fluid leaves the evaporator, it is a cool, low pressure gas. It then returns to the compressor to begin its trip all over again. Connected to the evaporator is a fan that circulates the air inside the house to blow across the evaporator fins. Hot air is lighter than cold air, so the hot air in the room rises to the top of a room. There is a vent there where air is sucked into the air conditioner and goes down ducts. The hot air is used to cool the gas in the evaporator. As the heat is removed from the air, the air is cooled. It is then blown into the house through other ducts usually at the floor level. This continues over and over and over until the room reaches the temperature you want the room cooled to. The thermostat senses that the temperature has reached the right setting and turns off the air conditioner. As the room warms up, the thermostat turns the air conditioner back on until the room reaches the temperature. Refrigeration Cycle We'll discuss the refrigeration cycle using this cycle diagram. Heat Pump Imagine that you took an air conditioner and flipped it around so that the hot coils were on the inside and the cold coils were on the outside. Then you would have a heater. It turns out that this heater works extremely well. Rather than burning a fuel, what it is doing is "moving heat." A heat pump is an air conditioner that contains a valve that lets it switch between "air conditioner" and "heater." When the valve is switched one way, the heat pump acts like an air conditioner, and when it is switched the other way it reverses the flow of the liquid inside the heat pump and acts like a heater. Heat pumps can be extremely efficient in their use of energy. But one problem with most heat pumps is that the coils in the outside air collect ice. The heat pump has to melt this ice periodically, so it switches itself back to air conditioner mode to heat up the coils. To avoid pumping cold air into the house in air conditioner mode, the heat pump also lights up burners or electric strip heaters to heat the cold air that the air conditioner is pumping out. Once the ice is melted, the heat pump switches back to heating mode and turns off the burners.

1931 Air conditioning invented

The term "air conditioning" was first used by American physicist Stuart W. Cramer in 1907 - years before a practical air conditioning system was invented. The American inventor Willis Carrier (1876-1950) invented air conditioning in 1911, and commercial air conditioners were produced in 1914.

A patent request was filed in 1931 by H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman for an air conditioner to be placed on window ledges. Room air conditioners were available for home use in 1932, but economic constraints arising from the depression and World War II, together with the uneven spread of electrical power distribution systems, prevented widespread use until after the war.

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QUICK FACTS

• NAME: Willis Haviland Carrier
• OCCUPATION: Entrepreneur, Inventor
• BIRTH DATE: November 26, 1876
• DEATH DATE: October 07, 1950
• PLACE OF BIRTH: Angola, New York

more about Willis

BEST KNOWN FOR

Willis Carrier designed the first system to control temperature and humidity in 1902.

In 1902, only one year after Willis Haviland Carrier graduated from Cornell University with a Masters in Engineering, the first air (temperature and humidity) conditioning was in operation, making one Brooklyn printing plant owner very happy. Fluctuations in heat and humidity in his plant had caused the dimensions of the printing paper to keep altering slightly, enough to ensure a misalignment of the colored inks. The new air conditioning machine created a stable environment and aligned four-color printing became possible. All thanks to the new employee at the Buffalo Forge Company, who started on a salary of only $10.00 per week.