FAMOUS DISCOVERERS AND THEIR DISCOVERIES.

List of Famous Discoverers and their Discoveries




Discoverers Discovery

Albert Einstein Photon

Alfred Wegener Continental Drift

Amerigo Vespucci America

Antoine Lavoisier Conservation of Mass and Diamond a Form of Carbon

Antonio de Ulloa and Charles Wood Platinum

Bartolomeu Dias Africa

Benjamin Franklin +/- Electric Charges

Captain James Cook Antarctica

Carl Wilhelm Scheele Oxygen

Charles Darwin Evolution of Life

Charles Goodyear Vulcanized Rubber

Christiaan Huygens Saturn Rings

Clyde Tombaugh Pluto

DuPont Teflon

Edward Jenner Vaccination

Ernest Rutherford Proton

Friedrich Miescher DNA and RNA

Galileo Galilei Principle of Relativity and Moons of Jupiter

George Crum Potato Chips

Heinrich Hertz Electromagnetic Waves

Henri Becquerel Radioactivity

Henry Cavendish Hydrogen

Humphry Davy Sodium and Potassium

Isaac Newton Universal Gravitation

J. J. Thomson Electron

Jean Bernard Foucault Rotation of Earth

Johann Galle Neptune

Joseph Nicephore Niepce Photography

Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister Microorganisms Causing Infectious Disease

Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell Electromagnetism

Morris W. Travers and William Ramsay Neon, Krypton, Xenon

Nicolaus Copernicus Solar System and Earth

Niels Bohr Quantum Theory

Rabi Simantov, Solomon H. Snyder, John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz Endorphin

Robert Boyles Boyle's Law

Robert Hooke Cells in Living Things

Sir Alexander Fleming Penicillin

Sir F.G. Hopkins Vitamins

Sir Frederick G. Banting Insulin

Thomas A. Edison Phonograph

Vitus Jonassen Bering Alaska

Wilhelm Röntgen X-rays

Willard Libby Radiocarbon Dating

William Harvey Circulatory System

William Herschel Uranus



Without the contribution of these discoverers numerable cities, planets, facts, laws and theories would still exist but, remain unknown. Where would we be today without the contribution of these brilliant discoverers and their discoveries? Hats off to these great discoverers who have helped improve the standard of our lives, thus making it easier and way better!

Facts about doctors and medicines.

'Doctors will have more lives to answer for in the next world than even we generals.' NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Quack, quack

Before the 16th century a doctor was someone who taught, or a scholar, usually of religion. By the early 17th century the term was firmly established as a name for medical practitioners. At the same time, the Dutch import "quack" popped up to describe a medical charlatan. It's short for "quacksalver" (from kwaksalver, someone who "quacked" their salves or cures). "To quack" meant to boast or brag and shares its origins with the word now universally used to describe the sound of a duck.

Croak, croak

"Toady" (as in "sycophant") comes from "toadeater", one half of an 18th-century pair of con artists, who would swallow a toad in public and then beg his quack doctor-partner to cure him with a "magical elixir".

Baa, baa

In the late 17th century, there was a widespread medical opinion that overly passionate people could be calmed by the blood of a more docile animal. In 1667 the first fully-documented human blood transfusion was administered by Dr Jean Denis, physician to King Louis XIV. He transfused sheep's blood into a young boy who duly recovered. Samuel Pepys describes a similar treatment for a Cambridge graduate, Arthur Coga, who agreed to have 20 ounces of sheep's blood transfused into his body. After the transfusion Pepys noted that, "he is a little cracked in his head, though he speaks very reasonably".

Mesmerising

Dr Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) was an Austrian physician who believed everything that acted on the body – gravity, magnetism, electricity, heat and light – was controlled by a "universal fluid". Illness occurred when the flow of this fluid was interrupted, so he developed an elaborate theory, called animal magnetism, the practical application of which involved Mesmer, often dressed in a purple robe and wielding a white wand, attempting to remove the blockage with magnets or the touch of his hands. A 1785 commission of scientists, including Benjamin Franklin and Antoine Lavoisier, failed to detect any evidence of the existence of this universal fluid. Mesmer left Paris in disgrace shortly afterwards and was never heard of again. However, he did leave us with a verb – "to mesmerise" – and his work helped inspire the Scottish surgeon James Braid to develop hypnosis in 1842.

Blue Mass

In America in the 1800s tuberculosis, toothache, childbirth, constipation, worms and many other maladies were "treated" with a blue pill called Blue Mass. Not only were the pills ineffective, they were actively toxic and contained high levels of mercury. Blue Mass also came as an ointment to treat syphilis, as a gargle and an eyewash. Abraham Lincoln took the pills for a while, until he became President, as treatment for melancholy. Some historians say the Blue Mass explains Lincoln's temper: he himself once complained in a letter to a friend that taking them made him "cross".

Rest cure

Silas Weir Mitchell (1829?1914), the American physician and historical novelist, is now best remembered for his rather extreme method of treating women with "hysteria". The Weir Mitchell rest cure confined a woman to bed for six weeks with strict instructions for her not to sit up. Only a nurse was permitted to brush the patient's teeth. The women used a bedpan and were washed in the evening with a sponge. Mealtimes were milk, then slowly, more solid food, fed by the nurse. To prevent their muscles atrophying the women were treated with massage and, in extreme cases, electrical stimulation. Most cases of "hysteria" would now be diagnosed as post?natal depression.

Snake oil

Despite its reputation, snake oil is good for you. The oil from the fat-sacks of snakes is a rich source of heart disease- and cancer-busting Omega?3 fatty acids. Chinese water-snake oil contains even more of these wonder substances than salmon.

FACTS ABOUT DOCTORS

1 How frequently do doctors misdiagnose patients?


While research has demonstrated that most of the time a medical diagnosis is on point, the answer is probably higher than patients expect and certainly higher than doctors realize. In a Supplement to the issue of The American Journal of Medicine, a collection of articles and commentaries sheds light on the causes underlying misdiagnoses and demonstrates a nontrivial rate of diagnostic error that ranges from 5% in the perceptual specialties (pathology, radiology, dermatology) up to 10% to 15% in many other fields. Physician overconfidence and a lack of feedback following a diagnosis are two important contributors to the problem.

2 Who prescribes antibiotics inappropriately? Foreign, extra-busy and older MDs

When it comes to inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, all physicians are not created equal. Canadian study found that the doctors most likely to prescribe antibiotics in error are those who’ve been in practice longer, see more patients or trained outside Canada or the US.

The study found that international medical graduates are a shocking 78% more likely than Canadian- and American-trained MDs to give antibiotics inappropriately. That correlation, however, doesn’t appear to be explained by poor knowledge. Some countries, Spain foremost among them, simply have more liberal attitudes about antibiotics. The study also found that doctors who see an average of 34 or more patients per day are 20-27% more likely to give antibiotics where they’re not appropriate. The research also showed that for each year a physician is in practice, their rate of inappropriate prescribing increases 4%.

3 Doctors’ choice of prescriptions are often influenced by their patients

Physicians’ choice of prescriptions are often influenced by patients, with patient experience with specific drugs playing a strong role, according to the Management Insights feature in Management Science journal. Researchers found that patients play an important role in prescription decisions, but that their influence diminishes when the doctor is a specialist, and that they have no influence in situations where specialists are treating patients with severe symptoms.

4 Free drug samples influence prescribing

When a pharmaceutical company puts drug samples into the hands of doctors as a form of marketing, how does it influence their prescribing behavior? One in three doctors agrees that free drug samples influence prescribing, finds a small but representative US survey published in the Journal of Medical Ethics.

5 Patients treated with respect more likely to follow medical adviceAttention doctors: Want patients to follow your advice? Treat them with dignity. In a national survey of more than 5,000 Americans, those who said they were treated with dignity during their last medical encounter were more likely to report higher levels of satisfaction with their care, adhere to therapy and get preventive services.

6 Doctor-Patient communication has a real impact on health

Good doctor-patient communication makes a difference not only in patient satisfaction but in patient outcomes including resolution of chronic headaches, changes in emotional states, lower blood sugar values in diabetics, improved blood pressure readings in hypertensives, and other important health indicators (Communication Interventions Make A Difference in Conversations Between Physicians and Patients: A Systematic Review of the Evidence PubMed).

7 Most patients want to shake hands with their physicians

When it comes to the doctor-patient relationship, patients have some pretty specific ideas about how they want their doctors to greet them when they first meet.

The researchers from Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, interviewed 415 U.S. adults by telephone about how they want their doctors to greet them. The survey results show that most patients want their doctors to shake their hands, greet them by name, and introduce themselves using their first and last name when they first meet.

The survey found that, among patients:

•78.1% wanted physicians to shake their hands, while 18.1% did not

•50.4% wanted their first names used during greetings, 17.3% preferred their last name and 23.6% favored the physician using both first and last names

•56.4% wanted physicians to introduce themselves using first and last names, 32.5% expected physicians to use their last name, and 7.2% would like physicians to use their first name only

8 7 things patients expect from doctors

If you ever felt like your doctor was trying to push you out of the examination room before you had a chance to explain your condition, you are not alone. A new study from the Mayo Clinic shows that most people agree on what makes a good doctor and it definitely isn’t one who hurries through a visit. A doctor’s people skills can affect a patient’s emotional response and recovery very positively or very negatively, research shows. Based on the study, which surveyed 192 patients, the authors concluded that an ‘ideal’ physician should be:

•Confident

•Empathetic

•Humane

•Personal

•Forthright

•Respectful

•Thorough

9 Surgeons are taller and better looking than other doctors.

Doctors at the University of Barcelona Hospital noticed that the tallest and most handsome male students were more likely to go for surgery, and the shortest (and perhaps not so good looking) ones were more likely to become physicians. So they decided to test the theory that, on average, surgeons are taller and better looking than physicians.



The results show that, on average, senior male surgeons are significantly taller and better looking than senior male physicians. They also show that film stars who play doctors are significantly better looking than real surgeons and physicians (Phenotypic differences between male physicians, surgeons, and film stars: comparative study, BMJ).



10 Patients often receive incomplete drug instructions



Physicians prescribing new medication often do not say to patients important details, such as potential side effects, how long or how often to take or the specific name of the drug, according to the study.



This study demonstrated that doctors communicated an average of 3.1 of the 5 essential elements, indicating that only 62% of the necessary information was conveyed. Physicians used the specific name for 74% of new prescriptions, explained the purpose for 87% and discussed adverse effects for 35%. 34% of the encounters included instructions on how long to take the drug, 55% on the number of tablets to take and 58% on the frequency or timing of use

How to Grow Your General Knowledge – 100+ Interesting Information & Facts…

You Must read this (GK) How to Grow Your General Knowledge – 100+ Interesting Information & Facts…




Ants don’t sleep.



Owls have eyeballs that are tubular in shape, because of this, they cannot move their eyes.



A bird requires more food in proportion to its size than a baby or a cat.



The mouse is the most common mammal in the US.



A newborn kangaroo is about 1 inch in length.



A cow gives nearly 200,000 glasses of milk in her lifetime.



The Canary Islands were not named for a bird called a canary. They were named after a breed of large dogs. The Latin name was Canariae insulae – “Island of Dogs.”



There are 701 types of pure breed dogs.



A polecat is not a cat. It is a nocturnal European weasel.



The animal responsible for the most human deaths world-wide is the mosquito.



The biggest pig in recorded history was Big Boy of Black Mountain, North Carolina, who was weighed at 1,904 pounds in 1939.



Cats respond most readily to names that end in an “ee” sound.



A cat cannot see directly under its nose. This is why the cat cannot seem to find tidbits on the floor.



Pigs, walruses and light-colored horses can be sunburned.



Snakes are immune to their own poison.



An iguana can stay under water for 28 minutes.



The ant always falls over on its right side when intoxicated.



The electric chair was invented by a dentist.



The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to Squirt blood 30 feet.



Wearing headphones for just an hour will increase the bacteria in your ear By 700 times.



Cats have more than one hundred vocal sounds, while dogs only have about ten.



The biggest member of the cat family is the male lion, which weighs 528 pounds (240 kilograms).



Most lipstick contains fish scales.



The only food that doesn’t spoil is HoneY.



Rats multiply so quickly that in 18 months, two rats could have over a million descendants.

…

RUSSIA..facta about the largest country

News, notes and thoughts: RUSSIA

22 June, 2012 / June 22 is the Day of Remembrance and Mourning in Russia. Today, the country looks back at one of the saddest pages in its history - the war that claimed the lives of about 27 million countrymen. 71 years ago, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union. Memorial events are held in many Russian cities.



13 June, 2012 / Russia is on the 153rd place out of 158 in the Global Peace Index. It is considered aggressive because of the large military budget, a large number of prisoners, and the ongoing clashes in the North Caucasus. Russia's neighbors in the ranking are Pakistan (149), Israel (150), North Korea (152), Iraq (155), and Afghanistan (157).



4 June, 2012 / The value of brand "Russia" increased by 11.7% ($79 billion). According to the British researchers from "Brand Finance" it is on the 12th place in the world rating. In 2012 its total value reached $752 billion. The leaders in the rating are the U.S. ($11.370 trillion), Germany ($3.146 trillion), and China ($3.001 trillion).



Russia general facts

About 79% of Russians are living in European part of Russia. The country is the ninth by population in the world. Russian people prefer to live in cities and towns (urbanization level is 73%). Russians are the major nation of the population (80%). The official state language of the country is Russian.



Russia borders on 18 countries including Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Byelorussia, Ukraine, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Northern Korea by land and Japan, USA by sea.



After the collapse of Soviet Union at the end of 1991 Russian Federation was recognized as continuer state of USSR and received its place in Security Council of United Nations. Russia is a member of such international organizations as United Nations, Commonwealth of Independent States, Eurasian Economic Community, The Organization of Central Asian Cooperation, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and others.



Russia has the largest deposits of mineral and energy resources in the world. Also the country has the largest number of lakes, wood and water resources. About 25% of world sweet water resources belong to Russia.



The capital and administrative center of Russia is Moscow city. The total number of cities with the population over 1 million is 11. Among them are Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Omsk, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa.

Beamon The world record holder in long jump the longest.

Beamon entered the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City as the favorite, having won 22 of the 23 meets he had competed in that year, including a career best of 8.33 m (equivalent to 27 ft. 4 in.) and a world's best of 8.39 m (27 ft. 6 1/2 in.) that was ineligible for the record books due to excessive wind assistance. He came close to missing the final, overstepping on his first two attempts in qualifying. With only one chance left, Beamon re-measured his approach run from a spot in front of the board and made a fair jump that advanced him to the final. There he faced the two previous gold-medal winners, American Ralph Boston (1960) and Lynn Davies of Great Britain (1964), and two-time bronze medallist Igor Ter-Ovanesyan of the Soviet Union.[3]




On October 18, Beamon set a world record for the long jump with a first jump of 8.90 m (29 ft. 2 1/2 in.), bettering the existing record by 55 cm (21 3/4 in.). When the announcer called out the distance for the jump, Beamon – unfamiliar with metric measurements – still did not realize what he had done.[4] When his teammate and coach Ralph Boston told him that he had broken the world record by nearly 2 feet, his legs gave way and an astonished and overwhelmed Beamon suffered a brief cataleptic seizure brought on by the emotional shock,[5] and collapsed to his knees, his body unable to support itself, placing his hands over his face. In one of the more enduring images of the Games, his competitors then helped him to his feet.[6] The defending Olympic champion Lynn Davies told Beamon, "You have destroyed this event," and in sports jargon, a new adjective – Beamonesque – came into use to describe spectacular feats.[7]

The Hindu : Columns / Nirmal Shekar : Letter to an anonymous athlete

The Hindu : Columns / Nirmal Shekar : Letter to an anonymous athlete

Javioer Sotomayer.

Javioer Sotomayer.Yhe first man to clear 2 meters in a high jump. Just imagin, it is almost the height od a football goa; post.

THE FIRDT TO CLEAR 6METERS IN POLE VAUT

(Voroshilovgrad today Lugansk, Ukraine Current, 1963) Ukrainian athlete. One of the most outstanding athletes of the twentieth century and certainly the best in their field, the pole vault. Began to devote himself to athletics for the first time trying the pole vault at the tender age of nine years. In 1978, fifteen, Bubka moved to Donetsk coach Vitaly Petrov with.



The world is his knowledge of international athletics in 1983 when he won a meeting in Helsinki, jumping 5.70 meters to measure. In the years following Bubka set new standards for the pole vault. In Paris on July 13, 1985 became the first athlete ever to exceed 6 meters pole vault, long considered unattainable height.


But Sergei Bubka is not only in sports history with this result, but for the great capacity that has been in the years to overcome and improve himself. There are many occasions when, from time to time, in the event of the event, improves own world record. Every time his victory seems obvious, both for the public that admires him, and by its opponents. But every time the emotion that manages to provide is enormous. The Soviet Union, which competed for the nation, used to offer substantial monetary bonus for every world record set by their athletes, so there are some who argued that Bubka has deliberately taken advantage of this mechanism to get rich.

Fast facts about inventions and inventors

Fast facts about inventions and inventors


In 1894, Lord Kelvin predicted that radio had no future; he also predicted that heavier-than-air flying machines were impossible.


The word “sneaker” was coined by Henry McKinney, an advertising agent for N.W. Ayer & Son.






Charles Macintosh invented the waterproof coat, the Mackintosh, in 1823.






Air-filled tyres were used on bicycles before they were used on motorcars.






The paperclip was invented by Norwegian Johann Vaaler.





Music was sent down a telephone line for the first time in 1876, the year the phone was invented.













Joseph Niepce developed the world’s first photographic image in 1827.





The videophone was invented by Bell Laboratories in 1927.






The very first projection of an image on a screen was made by a German priest. In 1646, Athanasius Kircher used a candle or oil lamp to project hand-painted images onto a white screen. Modern projectors emit more than a thousand Lumens!





The first neon sign was made in 1923 for a Packard dealership.






The first vending machine was invented by Hero of Alexandria in the first century. When a coin was dropped into a slot, its weight would pull a cork out of a spigot and the machine would dispense a trickle of holy water.






The can opener was invented 48 years after cans were introduced.






The hair perm was invented in 1906 by Karl Ludwig Nessler of Germany.





Leonardo da Vinci never built the inventions he designed.






Traffic lights were used before the advent of the motorcar.






The Monopoly game was invented by Charles Darrow in 1933. He sold the rights to George Parker in 1935, then aged 58. Parker invented more than 100 games, including Pit, Rook, Flinch, Risk and Clue.






One hour before Alexander Graham Bell registered his patent for the telephone in 1876, Elisha Gray patented his design. After years of litigation, the patent went to Bell.






Thomas Edison filed 1,093 patents, including those for the light bulb, electric railways and the movie camera. When he died in 1931, he held 34 patents for the telephone, 141 for batteries, 150 for the telegraph and 389 patents for electric light and power.






The first fax process was patented in 1843.






Count Alessandro Volta invented the first battery in the 18th century.






During the 1860s, George Leclanche developed the dry-cell battery, the basis for modern batteries.






In 1894 Thomas Edison and W K L Dickson introduced the first film camera.






In 1895 French brothers Auguste and Louis Lumiere demonstrated a projector system in Paris. In 1907 they screened the first public movie.






The first electronic mail, or “email”, was sent in 1972 by Ray Tomlinson. It was also his idea to use the @ sign to separate the name of the user from the name of the computer.






Queen Elizabeth of Britain sent her first email in 1976.






In 1889, Kansas undertaker Almon B. Strowger wanted to prevent telephone operators from advising his rivals of the death of local citizens. So he invented the automatic exchange.