Lewis Waterman - Fountain Pen

Lewis Waterman - Fountain Pen

Born - Decatur, Otsego County, N.Y. - 1837
Death - 1901
Invented the capillary feed in fountain pens - now universally used - that allows for even ink flow.

Though necessity may be the mother of invention, perhaps it is frustration that fuels the fire; or so it seemed for Lewis Waterman. In 1883, Lewis Waterman was an insurance broker in New York City, getting ready to sign one of his hottest contracts. In honor of the occasion, Lewis Waterman bought a new fountain pen that he considered far more stylish than a cumbersome dip pen and ink well. With the contract on the table and the pen in the client’s hand, the pen refused to write, and actually leaked onto the precious document. Horrified, Lewis Waterman raced back to his office for another contract, but a competing broker had closed the deal.
Determined to never again suffer such humiliation, Waterman began to make fountain pens in his brother’s workshop. Lewis Waterman used the capillarity principle which allowed air to induce a steady and even flow of ink. He christened his pen "the Regular," decorated it with wood accents, and obtained a patent for it in 1884. In his first year of operation, Waterman sold his hand-made pens out of the back of a cigar shop. He guaranteed the pens for five years and advertised in a trendy magazine, The Review of Review. The orders filtered in.
By 1899, Lewis Waterman opened a factory in Montreal and was offering a variety of designs. In 1901, upon Waterman’s death, his nephew, Frank D. Waterman took the business overseas and increased sales to 350,000 pens per year. The Treaty of Versailles was signed using a solid gold Waterman pen, a far cry from the day Lewis Waterman lost his important contract due to a leaky fountain pen.
Featured Article - The Fountain Pen
And you thought Rorschach invented the ink splot. Lewis Waterman
Residence - 265 Macon Street, Brooklyn, New York City
Born - Decatur, Otsego County, N.Y. - 1837
Death - 1901
Invented the capillary feed in fountain pens - now universally used - that allows for even ink flow.

Though necessity may be the mother of invention, perhaps it is frustration that fuels the fire; or so it seemed for Lewis Waterman. In 1883, Lewis Waterman was an insurance broker in New York City, getting ready to sign one of his hottest contracts. In honor of the occasion, Lewis Waterman bought a new fountain pen that he considered far more stylish than a cumbersome dip pen and ink well. With the contract on the table and the pen in the client’s hand, the pen refused to write, and actually leaked onto the precious document. Horrified, Lewis Waterman raced back to his office for another contract, but a competing broker had closed the deal.
Determined to never again suffer such humiliation, Waterman began to make fountain pens in his brother’s workshop. Lewis Waterman used the capillarity principle which allowed air to induce a steady and even flow of ink. He christened his pen "the Regular," decorated it with wood accents, and obtained a patent for it in 1884. In his first year of operation, Waterman sold his hand-made pens out of the back of a cigar shop. He guaranteed the pens for five years and advertised in a trendy magazine, The Review of Review. The orders filtered in.
By 1899, Lewis Waterman opened a factory in Montreal and was offering a variety of designs. In 1901, upon Waterman’s death, his nephew, Frank D. Waterman took the business overseas and increased sales to 350,000 pens per year. The Treaty of Versailles was signed using a solid gold Waterman pen, a far cry from the day Lewis Waterman lost his important contract due to a leaky fountain pen.

The Battle of the Ballpoint Pens - Ladislo Biro

The Battle of the Ballpoint Pens - Ladislo Biro
"No man was more foolish when he had not a pen in his hand, or more wise when he had" - Samuel Johnson.
A Hungarian journalist named Laszlo Biro invented the first ballpoint pen in 1938. Biro had noticed that the type of ink used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper dry and smudge-free. He decided to create a pen using the same type of ink. The thicker ink would not flow from a regular pen nib and Biro had to devise a new type of point. He did so by fitting his pen with a tiny ball bearing in its tip. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated picking up ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on the paper. This principle of the ballpoint pen actually dates back to an 1888 patent owned by John J. Loud for a product to mark leather. However, this patent was commercially unexploited. Laszlo Biro first patented his pen in 1938, and applied for a fresh patent in Argentina on June 10, 1943. (Laszlo Biro and his brother Georg Biro emigrated to Argentina in 1940.) The British Government bought the licensing rights to this patent for the war effort. The British Royal Air Force needed a new type of pen, one that would not leak at higher altitudes in fighter planes as the fountain pen did. Their successful performance for the Air Force brought the Biro pens into the limelight. Laszlo Biro had neglected to get a U.S. patent for his pen and so even with the ending of World War II, another battle was just beginning..

Timeline of the telephone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Timeline of the telephone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1844 to 1875

Innocenzo Manzetti

Antonio Meucci

Charles Bourseul

Johann Philipp Reis

Elisha gray

Thomas Edison

Alexander Graham Bell

Thomas Augustus Watson

Tivadar Puskás

Emile Berliner

Charles Sumner Tainter

Theodore Newton Vail

• 1844: Innocenzo Manzetti first mooted the idea of a “speaking telegraph” (telephone).
• 1849: Antonio Meucci demonstrates a communicating device to individuals in Havana. It is disputed if this is an electromagnetic telephone, but is said to involve direct transmission of electricity into the user's body.
• 1854: Charles Bourseul publishes a description of a make-break telephone transmitter and receiver in L'Illustration, (Paris) but does not construct a working instrument
• 1854: Antonio Meucci demonstrates an electric voice operated device in New York, but it is not clear what kind of device he demonstrated.
• 1860: Johann Philipp Reis of Germany demonstrates a make-break transmitter after the design of Bourseul and a knitting needle receiver. Witnesses said they heard human voices being transmitted.
• 1861: Johann Philipp Reis manages to transfer voice electrically over a distance of 340 feet, see Reis' telephone.
• 1864: in an attempt to give his musical automaton a voice, Innocenzo Manzetti invents the 'Speaking telegraph'. He shows no interest in patenting his device, but it is reported in newspapers.
• 1865: Meucci reads of Manzetti's invention and writes to the editors of two newspapers claiming priority and quoting his first experiment in 1849. He writes "I do not wish to deny Mr. Manzetti his invention, I only wish to observe that two thoughts could be found to contain the same discovery, and that by uniting the two ideas one can more easily reach the certainty about a thing this important." If he reads Meucci's offer of collaboration, Manzetti does not respond.
• 1871: Antonio Meucci files a patent caveat (a statement of intention to patent)^[1] for a Sound Telegraph, but it does not describe an electromagnetic telephone.
• 1872: Elisha Gray founded Western Electric Manufacturing Company.
• 1872: Professor Vanderwyde demonstrated Reis's telephone in New York.
• July 1873: Thomas Edison notes variable resistance in carbon grains due to pressure, builds a rheostat based on the principle but abandons it because of its sensitivity to vibration.
• May 1874: Gray invents electromagnet device for transmitting musical tones. Some of his receivers use a metallic diaphragm.
• 29 December 1874: Gray demonstrates his musical tones device and transmitted "familiar melodies through telegraph wire" at the Presbyterian Church in Highland Park, Illinois.
• 2 June 1875: Alexander Graham Bell transmits the sound of a plucked steel reed using electromagnet instruments.
• 1 July 1875: Bell uses a bi-directional "gallows" telephone that was able to transmit "indistinct but voicelike sounds" but not clear speech. Both the transmitter and the receiver were identical membrane electromagnet instruments.
• 1875: Thomas Edison experiments with acoustic telegraphy and in November builds an electro-dynamic receiver but does not exploit it.

1876 to 1878

• 11 February 1876: Elisha Gray invents liquid transmitter for use with a telephone, but does not build one.
• 14 February 1876: (about 9:30am) Gray or his lawyer brings to the Washington, D.C. patent office Gray's caveat for the telephone. (A caveat was like a patent application without claims to notify the patent office of an invention in process.)
• 14 February 1876: (about 11:30am) Bell's lawyer brings to the same patent office Bell's patent application for the telephone. Bell's lawyer requested that it be registered immediately in the cash receipts blotter.
• 14 February 1876: (about 1:30pm) Approximately two hours later Elisha Gray's caveat was registered in the cash blotter. Although his caveat was not a full application, Gray could have converted it into a patent application, but did not do so because of advice from his lawyer and his involvement with acoustic telegraphy. The result was that the patent was awarded to Bell.^[2]
• 7 March 1876: Bell's US patent No. 174,465 for the telephone is granted.
• 10 March 1876: Bell transmits speech "Mr. Watson, come here! I want to see you!" using a liquid transmitter as described in Gray's caveat, and an electromagnetic receiver.
• 16 May 1876: Thomas Edison files first patent application for acoustic telegraphy for which US patent 182,996 was granted October 10, 1876.
• 10 August 1876: Alexander Graham Bell makes the world's first long distance telephone call, about 6 miles between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, Canada.
• 1876: Hungarian Tivadar Puskas invented the telephone switchboard exchange (later working with Edison).
• 9 October 1876: Bell makes the first two-way long distance telephone call between Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
• October 1876: Thomas Edison tests his first carbon microphone.
• January 1878: First North American telephone exchange is opened in New Haven, Connecticut.
• 20 January 1877: Edison "first succeeded in transmitting over wires many articulated sentences" using carbon granules as a pressure sensitive variable resistance under the pressure of a diaphragm (Josephson, p143).
• 30 January 1877: Bell's US patent No. 186,787 is granted for an electro-magnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.
• 4 March 1877: Emile Berliner invents a microphone based on "loose contact" between two metal electrodes, an improvement on the Reis' Telephone, and in April 1877 files a caveat of an invention in process.
• April 1877: A telephone line connects the workshop of Charles Williams, Jr., located in Boston, to his house in Somerville, Massachusetts at 109 Court Street in Boston, where Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson had previously experimented with their telephone. The telephones became No. 1 and 2 in the Bell Telephone Company.^[3]
• 27 April 1877: Thomas Edison files telephone patent application. The US patents (Nos. 474,230, 474,231 and 474,232) were awarded to Edison in 1892 over the competing claims of Alexander Graham Bell, Emile Berliner, Elisha Gray, A E Dolbear, J W McDonagh, G B Richmond, W L W Voeker, J H Irwin and Francis Blake Jr.^[4] Edison's carbon granules transmitter and Bell's electromagnetic receiver were used, with improvements, by the Bell system for many decades thereafter (Josephson, p 146).
• 4 June 1877: Emile Berliner files telephone patent application that includes a carbon microphone transmitter.
• 9 July 1877: Bell Telephone Company, a common law joint stock company, organized by Alexander Graham Bell's future father-in-law Gardiner Greene Hubbard.
• 1 December 1877: Western Union enters the telephone business using Thomas Edison's superior carbon microphone transmitter.
• 4 February 1878: Thomas Edison demonstrates the telephone between Menlo Park, New Jersey and Philadelphia, a distance of 210 km.
• 14 June 1878: The Telephone Company Ltd (Bell's Patents) registered, London. Opened in London 21 August 1879 - Europe's first telephone exchange.
• 12 September 1878: the Bell Telephone Company sues Western Union for infringing Bell's patents.

1879 to 1919

• early months of 1879: The Bell Telephone Company is near bankruptcy and desperate to get a transmitter to equal Edison's carbon transmitter.
• 17 February 1879: Bell Telephone merges with the New England Telephone Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company. Theodore Vail takes over operations.
• 1879: Francis Blake invents a carbon transmitter similar to Edison's that saves the Bell company from extinction.
• 2 August 1879: The Edison Telephone Company of London Ltd, registered. Opened in London 6 September 1879.
• 10 September 1879: Connolly and McTighe patent a "dial" telephone exchange (limited in the number of lines to the number of positions on the dial.).
• 19 February 1880: The photophone, also known as a radiophone, is invented jointly by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter at Bell's Volta Laboratory.^[5][6] The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light.
• 20 March 1880: National Bell Telephone merges with others to form the American Bell Telephone Company.
• 1 April 1880: world's first wireless telephone call on Bell and Tainter's photophone (distant precursor to fiber-optic communications) from the Franklin School in Washington, D.C. to the window of Bell's laboratory, 213 meters away.^[7][8]
• 1882: A telephone company—an American Bell affiliate—is set up in Mexico City.
• 1885: The American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) is formed.
• 1886: Gilliland's Automatic circuit changer is put into service between Worcester and Leicester featuring the first operator dialing allowing one operator to run two exchanges.
• 13 January 1887: the Government of the United States moves to annul the master patent issued to Alexander Graham Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. The case, known as the 'Government Case', is later dropped after it was revealed that the U.S. Attorney General, Augustus Hill Garland‎ had been given millions of dollars of stock in the company trying to unseat Bell's telephone patent.
• 1888: Telephone patent court cases are confirmed by the Supreme Court, see The Telephone Cases
• 1889: AT&T becomes the overall holding company for all the Bell companies.
• 2 November 1889: A. G. Smith patents a telegraph switch which provides for trunks between groups of selectors allowing for the first time, fewer trunks than there are lines, and automatic selection of an idle trunk.
• 10 March 1891: Almon Strowger patents the Strowger switch the first Automatic telephone exchange.
• 30 October 1891: The independent Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange company is formed.
• 3 May 1892: Thomas Edison awarded patents for the carbon microphone based on applications lodged in 1877.
• 3 November 1892: The first Strowger switch goes into operation in LaPorte, Indiana with 75 subscribers and capacity for 99.
• 30 January 1894: The second fundamental Bell patent for the telephone expire; Independent telephone companies established, and independent manufacturing companies (Stromberg-Carlson in 1894 and Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company in 1897).
• 30 December 1899: American Bell Telephone Company is purchased by its own long-distance subsidiary, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) to bypass state regulations limiting capitalization. AT&T assumes leadership role of the Bell System.
• 27 February 1901: United States Court of Appeal declares void Emile Berliner's patent for a telephone transmitter used by the Bell telephone system
• 1915: First U.S. coast-to-coast long-distance telephone call, facilitated by a newly-invented vacuum tube amplifier, ceremoniously inaugurated by A.G. Bell in New York City and his former assistant Thomas Augustus Watson in San Francisco, California.
• 16 January 1915: The first automatic Panel exchange was installed at the Mulberry Central Office in Newark, New Jersey; but was a semi-automatic system using non-dial telephones.
• 25 January 1915: The first transcontinental telephone call, with Thomas Augustus Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco receiving a call from Alexander Graham Bell at 15 Dey Street in New York City.^[9]
• 1919: The first rotary dial telephones in the Bell System installed in Norfolk, Virginia. Telephones that lacked dials and touch-tone pads were no longer made by the Bell System after 1978.^{[citation needed]}
• 1919: AT&T conducts more than 4,000 measurements of people's heads to gauge the best dimensions of standard headsets so that callers' lips would be near the microphone when holding handsets up to their ears.^[10]

1920 to 1969

• 7 January 1927: first public trans-Atlantic telephone call via radio; May 12 from
• 7 April 1927: world's first videophone call via an electro-mechanical AT&T unit, from Washington, D.C. to New York City, by then-Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover.^[11][12]
• 28 May 1927: Rotary dial service was started from mid night.[1]
• 1935: first telephone call around the world.
• 1941: Multi-frequency dialing introduced for operators in Baltimore, Maryland
• 1946: National Numbering Plan (area codes)
• 1946: first commercial mobile phone call
• 1946: Bell Labs develops the germanium point-contact transistor
• 1947: December, W. Rae Young and Douglas H. Ring, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones.
• 1948: Phil Porter, a Bell Labs engineer, proposed that cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas pointing in 3 directions.
• 1951: Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) first offered at Englewood, New Jersey, to 11 selected major cities across the United States; this service grew rapidly across major cities during the 1950s
• 1955: the laying of trans-Atlantic cable TAT-1 began - 36 circuits, later increased to 48 by reducing the bandwidth from 4 kHz to 3 kHz
• 1958: Modems used for direct connection via voice phone lines
• 1960: ESS-1
• 1960's: Bell Labs developed the electronics for cellular phones
• 1961: Touch-tone released to public on trial basis
• 1962: T-1 service in Skokie, Illinois
• 1963: first publicly-available push-button telephone was released, by Bell Systems/Western Electric, in the towns of Carnegie and Greensburg, Pennsylvania.
• 1965: first geosynchronous communications satellite - 240 circuits or one TV signal

1970 to 1999

• 1970: ESS-2 electronic switch.
• 1970: modular telephone cords and jacks introduced .
• 1970: Amos E. Joel, Jr. of Bell Labs invented the "call handoff" system for "cellular mobile communication system" (patent granted 1972).
• 1971: AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular phone service to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
• 3 April 1973: Motorola employee Martin Cooper placed the first hand-held cell phone call to Joel Engel, head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs, while talking on the first Motorola DynaTAC prototype.
• 1973: packet switched voice connections over ARPANET with Network Voice Protocol (NVP).
• 1978: Bell Labs launched a trial of the first commercial cellular network in Chicago using Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
• 1978: World's first NMT phone call in Tampere, Finland.^[13]
• 1979: VoIP - NVP running on top of early versions of IP
• 1981: The world's first fully-automatic mobile phone system NMT is started in Sweden and Norway.
• 1981: BT introduces the British Telephone Sockets system.
• 1982: FCC approved AT&T proposal for AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the 824-894 MHz band.
• 1982: Caller ID patented by Carolyn Doughty, Bell Labs
• 1983: last manual telephone switchboard in Maine is retired
• 1984: AT&T completes the divestiture of its local operating companies. This forms a new AT&T (long distance service and equipment sales) and the Baby Bells.
• 1987: ADSL introduced
• 1988: First transatlantic fiber optic cable TAT-8, carrying 40,000 circuits
• 1990: analog AMPS was superseded by Digital AMPS.
• 1991: the GSM mobile phone network is started in Finland, with the first phone call in Tampere.^[13]
• 1993: Telecom Relay Service available for the disabled
• 1995: Caller ID implemented nationally in USA
• 1999: creation of the Asterisk Private branch exchange

2000 to 2010

• 11 June 2002: Antonio Meucci recognized for his work on the telephone by the United States House of Representatives, in House Resolution 269. The Parliament of Canada responds by passing a motion unanimously 10 days later recognizing Alexander Graham Bell as the inventor of the telephone.
• 2005: Mink, Louisiana gets phone service (one of the last in the USA).
• 29 June 2007: The iPhone started shipping
• July 2007: The Openmoko Neo 1973 started shipping^[14]
• 24 June 2008: The Neo 1973 successor, the Neo FreeRunner, started shipping
• 24 June 2008 : The Symbian Foundation was founded ^[15]
• 22 October 2008: The first Android phone, the HTC Dream started shipping
• November 2009: The Nokia N900 started shipping
• 2010: Iowa Hill, California gets phone service (another one of the last in the USA).
• 15 February 2010: Symbian^3, the first fully open source version of Symbian is released^[16]

Telephone History - Invention of the Telephone

Telephone History - Invention of the Telephone
The Story:
Probably no means of communication has revolutionized the daily lives of ordinary people more than the telephone. Simply described, it is a system which converts sound, specifically the human voice, to electrical impulses of various frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice. In 1831, Englishman Michael Faraday (1791-1867) proved that vibrations of metal could be converted to electrical impulses. This was the technological basis of the telephone, but no one actually used this system to transmit sound until 1861. In that year, Johann Philip Reis (1834-1874) in Germany is said to have built a simple apparatus that changed sound to electricity and back again to sound. A crude device, it was incapable of transmitting most frequencies, and it was never fully developed.

A practical telephone was actually invented independently by two men working in the United States, Elisha Gray and Scottish-born Alexander Graham Bell. Incredibly, both men filed for a patent on their designs at the New York patent office on February 14, 1876, with Bell beating Gray by only two hours! Although Gray had built the first steel diaphragm / electromagnet receiver in 1874, he wasn’t able to master the design of a workable transmitter until after Bell had. Bell had worked tirelessly, experimenting with various types of mechanisms, while Gray had become discouraged.

According to the famous story, the first fully intelligible telephone call occurred on March 6, 1876, when Bell, in one room, called to his assistant in another room. "Come here, Watson, I want you."

Watson heard the request through a receiver connected to the transmitter that Bell had designed, and what followed after that is a history of the founding of the Bell Telephone Company (later AT&T), which grew to be the largest telephone company in the world.

The first telephone system, known as an exchange, which is a practical means of communicating between many people who have telephones, was installed in Hartford, Connecticut in 1877, and the first exchange linking two major cities was established between New York and Boston in 1883. The first exchange outside the United States was built in London in 1879. The exchange involved a group of operators working at a large switchboard. The operators would answer an incoming telephone call and connect it manually to the party being called. The first automatic telephone exchange was patented by Almon Strowger of Kansas City in 1891 and installed in 1892, but manual switchboards remained in common use until the middle of the twentieth century.

The coin operated pay telephone was patented by William Gray of Hartford in 1889. The first rotary dial telephone was developed in 1923 by Antoine Barnay in France. The mobile telephone was invented by Bell Telephone Company and introduced into New York City police cars in 1924. Although the first commercial mobile telephone service became available in St. Louis, Missouri in 1946, the mobile telephone would not become common for another four decades.

The first touch-tone system - which used tones in the voice frequency range rather than pulses generated by rotary dials - was installed in Baltimore, MD, in 1941. Operators in a central switching office pushed the buttons; it was much too expensive for general use. However, the Bell System was intrigued by touch-tone because it increased the speed of dialing.

By the early 1960s, low-cost transistors and associated circuit components made the introduction of touch-tone into home telephones possible. Extensive human factors tests determined the position of the buttons to limit errors and increase dialing speed even further. The first commercial touch-tone phones were a big hit in their preview at the 1962 Seattle World's Fair.

The first Picturephone test system, built in 1956, was crude—it transmitted an image only once every two seconds. But by 1964 a complete experimental system, the "Mod 1," had been developed. To test it, the public was invited to place calls between special exhibits at Disneyland and the New York World’s Fair. In both locations, visitors were carefully interviewed afterward by a market research agency.

People, it turned out, didn’t like Picturephone. The equipment was too bulky, the controls too unfriendly, and the picture too small. But the Bell System was convinced that Picturephone was viable. Trials went on for six more years. In 1970, commercial Picturephone service debuted in downtown Pittsburgh and AT&T executives confidently predicted that a million Picturephone sets would be in use by 1980.

What happened? Despite its improvements, Picturephone was still big, expensive, and uncomfortably intrusive. It was only two decades later, with improvements in speed, resolution, miniaturization, and the incorporation of Picturephone into another piece of desktop equipment, the computer, that the promise of a personal video communication system was realized.

In 1978, American Telephone and Telegraph’s (AT&T) Bell Laboratories began testing a mobile telephone system based on hexagonal geographical regions called cells. As the caller’s vehicle passed from one cell to another, an automatic switching system would transfer the telephone call to another cell without interruption. The cellular telephone system began nationwide usage in the United States in 1983.

The actual history of the telephone is a subject of complex dispute. The controversy began with the success of the invention and continues today. Some of the inventors credited with inventing the telephone include Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003

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1901 2010 Emil von Behring">1901Ronald Ross">1902Niels Ryberg Finsen">1903Ivan Pavlov">1904Robert Koch">1905Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramón y Cajal">1906Alphonse Laveran">1907Paul Ehrlich Ilya Mechnikov">1908Theodor Kocher">1909Albrecht Kossel">1910Allvar Gullstrand">1911Alexis Carrel">1912Charles Richet">1913Robert Bárány">1914No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.">1915No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.">1916No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.">1917No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.">1918Jules Bordet">1919August Krogh">1920No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.">1921Archibald V. Hill Otto Meyerhof">1922Frederick G. Banting John Macleod">1923Willem Einthoven">1924No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.">1925Johannes Fibiger">1926Julius Wagner-Jauregg">1927Charles Nicolle">1928Sir Frederick Hopkins Christiaan Eijkman">1929Karl Landsteiner">1930Otto Warburg">1931Sir Charles Sherrington Edgar Adrian">1932Thomas H. Morgan">1933George R. Minot William P. Murphy George H. Whipple">1934Hans Spemann">1935Otto Loewi Sir Henry Dale">1936Albert Szent-Györgyi">1937Corneille Heymans">1938Gerhard Domagk">1939No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.">1940No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.">1941No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.">1942Henrik Dam Edward A. Doisy">1943Joseph Erlanger Herbert S. Gasser">1944Sir Howard Florey Ernst B. Chain Sir Alexander Fleming">1945Hermann J. Muller">1946Bernardo Houssay Gerty Cori Carl Cori">1947Paul Müller">1948Egas Moniz Walter Hess">1949Philip S. Hench Edward C. Kendall Tadeus Reichstein">1950Max Theiler">1951Selman A. Waksman">1952Hans Krebs Fritz Lipmann">1953John F. Enders Thomas H. Weller Frederick C. Robbins">1954Hugo Theorell">1955André F. Cournand Dickinson W. Richards Werner Forssmann">1956Daniel Bovet">1957Joshua Lederberg George Beadle Edward Tatum">1958Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa">1959Peter Medawar Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet">1960Georg von Békésy">1961Maurice Wilkins James Watson Francis Crick">1962Alan L. Hodgkin Andrew F. Huxley Sir John Eccles">1963Feodor Lynen Konrad Bloch">1964Jacques Monod François Jacob André Lwoff">1965Charles B. Huggins Peyton Rous">1966Haldan K. Hartline George Wald Ragnar Granit">1967Robert W. Holley H. Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg">1968Max Delbrück Alfred D. Hershey Salvador E. Luria">1969Sir Bernard Katz Julius Axelrod Ulf von Euler">1970Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.">1971Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter">1972Nikolaas Tinbergen Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz">1973Albert Claude Christian de Duve George E. Palade">1974Howard M. Temin David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco">1975D. Carleton Gajdusek Baruch S. Blumberg">1976Rosalyn Yalow Roger Guillemin Andrew V. Schally">1977Hamilton O. Smith Werner Arber Daniel Nathans">1978Allan M. Cormack Godfrey N. Hounsfield">1979George D. Snell Jean Dausset Baruj Benacerraf">1980David H. Hubel Torsten N. Wiesel Roger W. Sperry">1981Bengt I. Samuelsson John R. Vane Sune K. Bergström">1982Barbara McClintock">1983Niels K. Jerne Georges J.F. Köhler César Milstein">1984Michael S. Brown Joseph L. Goldstein">1985Stanley Cohen Rita Levi-Montalcini">1986Susumu Tonegawa">1987George H. Hitchings Gertrude B. Elion Sir James W. Black">1988Harold E. Varmus J. Michael Bishop">1989E. Donnall Thomas Joseph E. Murray">1990Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann">1991Edwin G. Krebs Edmond H. Fischer">1992Phillip A. Sharp Richard J. Roberts">1993Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell">1994Eric F. Wieschaus Edward B. Lewis Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">1995Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel">1996Stanley B. Prusiner">1997Louis J. Ignarro Robert F. Furchgott Ferid Murad">1998Günter Blobel">1999Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard Eric R. Kandel">2000Tim Hunt Leland H. Hartwell Sir Paul Nurse">2001Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston">2002Sir Peter Mansfield Paul C. Lauterbur">2003Richard Axel Linda B. Buck">2004Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren">2005Craig C. Mello Andrew Z. Fire">2006Mario R. Capecchi Sir Martin J. Evans Oliver Smithies">2007Luc Montagnier Françoise Barré-Sinoussi Harald zur Hausen">2008Elizabeth H. Blackburn Carol W. Greider Jack W. Szostak">2009Robert G. Edwards">2010 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 Sir Peter Mansfield Paul C. Lauterbur ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil von Behring ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902 Ronald Ross ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904 Ivan Pavlov ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 Robert Koch ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906 Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramón y Cajal ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907 Alphonse Laveran ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 Paul Ehrlich Ilya Mechnikov ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909 Theodor Kocher ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910 Albrecht Kossel ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911 Allvar Gullstrand ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912 Alexis Carrel ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913 Charles Richet ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914 Robert Bárány ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1915 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1916 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1917 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1918 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919 Jules Bordet ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920 August Krogh ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1921 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922 Archibald V. Hill Otto Meyerhof ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 Frederick G. Banting John Macleod ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 Willem Einthoven ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1925 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926 Johannes Fibiger ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928 Charles Nicolle ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929 Sir Frederick Hopkins Christiaan Eijkman ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 Karl Landsteiner ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931 Otto Warburg ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932 Sir Charles Sherrington Edgar Adrian ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 Thomas H. Morgan ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934 George R. Minot William P. Murphy George H. Whipple ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935 Hans Spemann ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 Otto Loewi Sir Henry Dale ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938 Corneille Heymans ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939 Gerhard Domagk ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1940 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1941 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1942 No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1943 Henrik Dam Edward A. Doisy ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944 Joseph Erlanger Herbert S. Gasser ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 Sir Howard Florey Ernst B. Chain Sir Alexander Fleming ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 Hermann J. Muller ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 Bernardo Houssay Gerty Cori Carl Cori ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948 Paul Müller ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1949 Egas Moniz Walter Hess ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950 Philip S. Hench Edward C. Kendall Tadeus Reichstein ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951 Max Theiler ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952 Selman A. Waksman ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 Hans Krebs Fritz Lipmann ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954 John F. Enders Thomas H. Weller Frederick C. Robbins ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955 Hugo Theorell ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956 André F. Cournand Dickinson W. Richards Werner Forssmann ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1957 Daniel Bovet ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 Joshua Lederberg George Beadle Edward Tatum ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960 Peter Medawar Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1961 Georg von Békésy ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 Maurice Wilkins James Watson Francis Crick ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1963 Alan L. Hodgkin Andrew F. Huxley Sir John Eccles ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1964 Feodor Lynen Konrad Bloch ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 Jacques Monod François Jacob André Lwoff ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966 Charles B. Huggins Peyton Rous ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1967 Haldan K. Hartline George Wald Ragnar Granit ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 Robert W. Holley H. Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 Max Delbrück Alfred D. Hershey Salvador E. Luria ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970 Sir Bernard Katz Julius Axelrod Ulf von Euler ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 Nikolaas Tinbergen Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 Albert Claude Christian de Duve George E. Palade ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 Howard M. Temin David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1976 D. Carleton Gajdusek Baruch S. Blumberg ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 Rosalyn Yalow Roger Guillemin Andrew V. Schally ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 Hamilton O. Smith Werner Arber Daniel Nathans ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 Allan M. Cormack Godfrey N. Hounsfield ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1980 George D. Snell Jean Dausset Baruj Benacerraf ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1981 David H. Hubel Torsten N. Wiesel Roger W. Sperry ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982 Bengt I. Samuelsson John R. Vane Sune K. Bergström ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 Barbara McClintock ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 Niels K. Jerne Georges J.F. Köhler César Milstein ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985 Michael S. Brown Joseph L. Goldstein ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 Stanley Cohen Rita Levi-Montalcini ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 Susumu Tonegawa ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 George H. Hitchings Gertrude B. Elion Sir James W. Black ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 Harold E. Varmus J. Michael Bishop ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 E. Donnall Thomas Joseph E. Murray ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 Edwin G. Krebs Edmond H. Fischer ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 Phillip A. Sharp Richard J. Roberts ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 Eric F. Wieschaus Edward B. Lewis Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996 Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998 Louis J. Ignarro Robert F. Furchgott Ferid Murad ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999 Günter Blobel ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard Eric R. Kandel ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001 Tim Hunt Leland H. Hartwell Sir Paul Nurse ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 Sir Peter Mansfield Paul C. Lauterbur ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004 Richard Axel Linda B. Buck ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2005 Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 Craig C. Mello Andrew Z. Fire ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 Mario R. Capecchi Sir Martin J. Evans Oliver Smithies ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 Luc Montagnier Françoise Barré-Sinoussi Harald zur Hausen ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 Elizabeth H. Blackburn Carol W. Greider Jack W. Szostak ###The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 Robert G. Edwards Sort and list Nobel Prizes and Nobel Laureates Create a List All Nobel Prizes Nobel Prize Awarded Organizations Women Nobel Laureates Nobel Laureates and Universities Prize category:

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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003

Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003

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Nobel Prize Award Ceremony

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Paul C. Lauterbur

• Biographical
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Sir Peter Mansfield

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Paul C. Lauterbur

Sir Peter Mansfield

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 was awarded jointly to Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"