Erwin Neher

Bert Sakmann

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 was awarded jointly to Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"

Cure for baldness

Stem cells are the body's master cells. When manipulated in a laboratory they can be grown into any tissue in the human body from blood to bone and even whole organs.

But although stem cells are seen as the holy grail for medicine, progress has been slow and there are few widely available treatments.
Current treatments for baldness include hair plugs where stronger hair follicles from the side and back of the head are transplanted to bald spots.
However, the treatment takes five to 10 hours and would need to be performed repeatedly to create a natural appearance as hair loss continued.
Dr Lauster also believes that growing skin and hair follicles in the lab could eventually spell the end of animal testing.
He said: 'Since 1950 the number of new chemicals used in cosmetics has risen 500-fold, and so has the need for animals to be experimented upon to ensure they are safe for humans.

'This could well do away with the need for them to suffer,' he said.

The bioengineer plans to create a hair follicle test system that could be used for testing new drugs and cosmetics. He then hopes to develop a miniature liver, kidney and bone marrow ‘biochip’ in conjunction with the Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology.

Everyone knows what Post-it®  notes are: They are those great little self-stick notepapers.  Most people have Post-it®  Notes.   Most people use them.  Most people love them.  But Post-it®  Notes were not a planned product.
	No one got the idea and then stayed up nights to invent it.  A man named Spencer Silver was working in the 3M research laboratories in 1970 trying to find a strong adhesive.  Silver developed a new adhesive, but it was even weaker than what 3M already manufactured.  It stuck to objects, but could easily be lifted off.   It was super weak instead of super strong.
No one knew what to do with the stuff, but Silver didn't discard it.  Then one Sunday four years later, another 3M scientist named Arthur Fry was singing in the church's choir.  He used markers to keep his place in the hymnal, but they kept falling out of the book.  Remembering Silver's adhesive, Fry used some to coat his markers.  Success!  With the weak adhesive, the markers stayed in place, yet lifted off without damaging the pages.  3M began distributing Post-it ® Notes nationwide in 1980 -- ten years after Silver developed the super weak adhesive.  Today they are one of the most popular office products available.

Edmond H. Fischer

Edwin G. Krebs

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 was awarded jointly to Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"

Nobel Prize in 1993

Richard J. Roberts

Phillip A. Sharp

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 was awarded jointly to Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp "for their discoveries of split genes"

- Oxygen was discovered by Joseph Priestly.
- The largest temple in the world is the Angkor Wat in Cambodia.
- Japanese art of flower arrangement is called Ikebana.
- Nile is the largest river in the world.
- The Tibet Plateau is the highest in the world.
- The largest animal on the land is animal and in the sea is the blue whale.
- Zoology is the scientific study of animals.
- Telephone was discovered by Alexander Graham Bell.
- Damascus is the oldest city ever known in the world.
- Greenland is the largest island.
- Cuba is known as world’s Sugar Bowl.
- Sahara is the largest desert in the world.
- The world’s largest ocean is the Pacific Ocean.
- James Cook discovered Australia.
- Sri Lanka was earlier called as Ceylon.
- Samba is the native dance of Brazil.
- India and South Korea celebrate their Independence Day on 15th August.
- Norway is known as the land of Midnight sun.
- J.K.Rowling is the writer of the Harry Potter Series.
- The city of New York is nicknamed as Big Apple.
- Bhutan is known as the Land of Thunderbolts.
- Jamaica principally exports Sugar.
- Frederick Auguste Bartholdi sculpted the Statue of Liberty in New York.
- November 14th is celebrated as Children’s day in India. It is has been a dedication to India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who liked children.
- The first person to climb the Mt. Everest was Edmund Hillary.
- The first man to land on moon was Neil Armstrong. He landed on the moon in 1969.
- Venice is known as the city of canals.
- Alexander Eiffel built the Eiffel tower in Paris.
- The famous Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci.
- Rear Admiral Robert.E.Peary was the first man to explore the North Pole while Cap. Ronald Amundson was the first man to explore the South Pole.
- Tibet is generally termed as the Roof of the World.
- The Nobel Prize was established in 1895.
- Louis Hennepin discovered the Niagara Falls.

The Father of Cool
Willis Haviland Carrier - The History of Air Conditioning
Willis Haviland Carrier Recommended Reading on Air Conditioning • The History of Air Conditioning Related Innovations • The History of the Refrigerator • Home Innovations • Kitchen Appliances "I fish only for edible fish, and hunt only for edible game even in the laboratory." - Willis Haviland Carrier on being practical. In 1902, only one year after Willis Haviland Carrier graduated from Cornell University with a Masters in Engineering, the first air (temperature and humidity) conditioning was in operation, making one Brooklyn printing plant owner very happy. Fluctuations in heat and humidity in his plant had caused the dimensions of the printing paper to keep altering slightly, enough to ensure a misalignment of the colored inks. The new air conditioning machine created a stable environment and aligned four-color printing became possible. All thanks to the new employee at the Buffalo Forge Company, who started on a salary of only $10.00 per wee

Nobel Prize in 1994

Alfred G. Gilman

Martin Rodbell

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 was awarded jointly to Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"

Nobel Prize 1995

Edward B. Lewis

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

Eric F. Wieschaus

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 was awarded jointly to Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development".

Carbo Dating

Radiocarbon dating (sometimes simply known as carbon dating) is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (¹⁴C) to estimate the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years.^[1] Raw, i.e. uncalibrated, radiocarbon ages are usually reported in radiocarbon years "Before Present" (BP), "Present" being defined as 1950 CE. Such raw ages can be calibrated to give calendar dates. One of the most frequent uses of radiocarbon dating is to estimate the age of organic remains from archaeological sites. When plants fix atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) into organic material during photosynthesis they incorporate a quantity of ¹⁴C that approximately matches the level of this isotope in the atmosphere (a small difference occurs because of isotope fractionation, but this is corrected after laboratory analysis). After plants die or they are consumed by other organisms (for example, by humans or other animals) the ¹⁴C fraction of this organic material declines at a fixed exponential rate due to the radioactive decay of ¹⁴C. Comparing the remaining ¹⁴C fraction of a sample to that expected from atmospheric ¹⁴C allows the age of the sample to be estimated.
The technique of radiocarbon dating was developed by Willard Libby and his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1949. Emilio Segrè asserted in his autobiography that Enrico Fermi suggested the concept to Libby in a seminar at Chicago that year. Libby estimated that the steady state radioactivity concentration of exchangeable carbon-14 would be about 14 disintegrations per minute (dpm) per gram. In 1960, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for this work. He first demonstrated the accuracy of radiocarbon dating by accurately estimating the age of wood from an ancient Egyptian royal barge for which the age was known from historical documents.^[2][3]