BAR CODES

If you go look in your refrigerator or pantry right now, you will find that just about every package you see has a UPC bar code printed on it. In fact, nearly every item that you purchase from a grocery store, department store and mass merchandiser has a UPC bar code on it somewhere.

Have you ever wondered where these codes come from and what they mean? In this article, we will solve this mystery so that you can decode any UPC code you come across.

"UPC" stands for Universal Product Code. UPC bar codes were originally created to help grocery stores speed up the checkout process and keep better track of inventory, but the system quickly spread to all other retail products because it was so successful.

UPCs originate with a company called the Uniform Code Council (UCC). A manufacturer applies to the UCC for permission to enter the UPC system. The manufacturer pays an annual fee for the privilege. In return, the UCC issues the manufacturer a six-digitmanufacturer identification number and provides guidelines on how to use it. You can see the manufacturer identification number in any standard 12-digit UPC code. The UPC symbol has two parts:

• The machine-readable bar code
• The human-readable 12-digit UPC number

The manufacturer identification number is the first six digits of the UPC number -- 639382 in the image above. The next five digits -- 00039 -- are the item number. A person employed by the manufacturer, called theUPC coordinator, is responsible for assigning item numbers to products, making sure the same code is not used on more than one product, retiring codes as products are removed from the product line, etc.

In general, every item the manufacturer sells, as well as every size package and every repackaging of the item, needs a different item code. So a 12-ounce can of Coke needs a different item number than a 16-ounce bottle of Coke, as does a 6-pack of 12-ounce cans, a 12-pack, a 24-can case, and so on. It is the job of the UPC coordinator to keep all of these numbers straight!

The last digit of the UPC code is called a check digit. This digit lets the scanner determine if it scanned the number correctly or not. Here is how the check digit is calculated for the other 11 digits, using the code 63938200039 from "The Teenager's Guide to the Real World" example shown above:

1. Add together the value of all of the digits in odd positions (digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11).
   6 + 9 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 9 = 32
2. Multiply that number by 3.
   32 * 3 = 96
3. Add together the value of all of the digits in even positions (digits 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10).
   3 + 3 + 2 + 0 + 3 = 11
4. Add this sum to the value in step 2.
   96 + 11 = 107
5. Take the number in Step 4. To create the check digit, determine the number that, when added to the number in step 4, is a multiple of 10.
   107 + 3 = 110
   The check digit is therefore 3.

Each time the scanner scans an item, it performs this calculation. If the check digit it calculates is different from the check digit it reads, the scanner knows that something went wrong and the item needs to be rescanned.

How is the Price Determined?

As you can see, there is no price information encoded in a bar code. When the scanner at the checkout line scans a product, the cash register sends the UPC number to the store's central POS (point of sale) computer to look up the UPC number. The central computer sends back the actual price of the item at that moment.

This approach allows the store to change the price whenever it wants, for example to reflect sale prices. If the price were encoded in the bar code, prices could never change. On the other hand, not encoding a fixed price gives the store an easy way to rip off customers. When you hear about "scanner fraud" in the news, that is what the newsperson is talking about. It is incredibly easy for a store to mistakenly or purposefully overprice an item.

One thing you will notice if you start looking at UPC codes in detail is that the big manufactures have manufacturer IDs with lots of zeros in them. Here are a few:

• Post - 043000
• General Mills - 016000
• Del Monte - 024000
• Quaker Oats - 030000

Here is the bar code from a 3-liter bottle of Diet Coke:

You can see that Coke's manufacturer ID is 049000. However, if you look at can of Coke or most 2-liter bottles, you will find that the UPC code is much shorter -- only eight digits total. Here's the bar code from a 2-liter bottle of Sprite:

These short bar codes are called zero-suppressed numbers. There's a set of rules around forming zero-suppressed numbers from full numbers, but the basic idea is to leave out a set of four digits, all zeros. In the case of the Sprite UPC code, the 049 at the beginning is the first three digits of Coke's 049000 manufacturer ID. The 551 is the item number for this bottle of Sprite, shortened from 00551. The zero in the second-to-last digit is the fourth digit from Coke's manufacturer ID. The final digit is the normal check digit. The main reason for having zero-suppressed numbers is to create smaller bar codes for small product packages like 12-ounce cans.

The first digit of the manufacturer's identification number is special. It is called the number system character. The following table shows you what different number system characters mean:

0	Standard UPC number (must have a zero to do zero-suppressed numbers)
1	Reserved
2	Random-weight items (fruits, vegetables, meats, etc.)
3	Pharmaceuticals
4	In-store marking for retailers (A store can set up its own codes, but no other store will understand them.)
5	Coupons
6	Standard UPC number
7	Standard UPC number
8	Reserved
9	Reserved

Here is an example of a pharmaceutical bar code (number system character 3), this one from a 4-ounce bottle of Selsun Blue dandruff shampoo:

Here is an example of in-store marking (number system character 4), in this case from a $10 Toys R Us gift certificate:

Since Toys R Us is the only store that will ever use this bar code -- it's the only place where the gift certificate can be redeemed -- Toys R Us made up its own UPC code for the gift certificate and used number system 4 so it could do that.