Susumu Tonegawa

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 was awarded to Susumu Tonegawa "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity".

Apgar

APGAR, VIRGINIA
Dr. Virginia Apgar (1909-1974), a professor of anesthesiology at the New York Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, devised the Apgar Scale in 1953. The Apgar scale is a simple, easy-to-perform, standardized scale that is used to determine the physical status of an infant at birth. The Apgar scale is administered to a newborn at one minute after birth and five minutes after birth. It scores the baby's heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color. This test quickly alerts medical personnel that the newborn needs assistance.

Amazing facts about the human body

Facts 1 The average red blood cell lives for 120 days. 2 There are 2.5 trillion (give or take) of red blood cells in your body at any moment. To maintain this number, about two and a half million new ones need to be produced every second by your bone marrow.That's like a new population of the city of Toronto every second. 3 Considering all the tissues and cells in your body, 25 million new cells are being produced each second. That's a little less than the population of Canada - every second ! 4 A red blood cell can circumnavigate your body in under 20 seconds. 5 Nerve Impulses travel at over 400 km/hr (25 mi/hr). 6 A sneeze generates a wind of 166 km/hr (100 mi/hr), and a cough moves out at 100 km/hr (60 mi/hr). 7 Our heart beats around 100,00 times every day. 8 Our blood is on a 60,000-mile journey. 9 Our eyes can distinguish up to one million colour surfaces and take in more information than the largest telescope known to man. 10 Our lungs inhale over two million litres of air every day, without even thinking. They are large enough to cover a tennis court. 11 We give birth to 100 billion red cells every day. 12 When we touch something, we send a message to our brain at 124 mph 13 We exercise at least 30 muscles when we smile. 14 We are about 70 percent water. 15 We make one litre of saliva a day. 16 Our nose is our personal air-conditioning system: it warms cold air, cools hot air and filters impurities. 17 In one square inch of our hand we have nine feet of blood vessels, 600 pain sensors, 9000 nerve endings, 36 heat sensors and 75 pressure sensors. 18 We have copper, zinc, cobalt, calcium, manganese, phosphates, nickel and silicon in our bodies. 19 It is believed that the main purpose of eyebrows is to keep sweat out of the eyes. 20 A person can expect to breathe in about 40 pounds of dust over his/her lifetime.

21 There are more living organisms on the skin of a single human being than there are human beings on the surface of the earth. 22 From the age of thirty, humans gradually begin to shrink in size. 23 Your body contains enough iron to make a spike strong enough to hold your weight. 24 The surface area of a human lung is equal to that of a tennis court. 25 Most people have lost fifty per cent of their taste buds by the time they reach the age of sixty. 26 The amount of carbon in the human body is enough to fill about 9,000 'lead' pencils. 27 One square inch of human skin contains 625 sweat glands. 28 When you blush, your stomach lining also reddens. 29 The human body has less muscles in it than a caterpillar. 30 If you could save all the times your eyes blink in one life time and use them all at once you would see blackness for 1.2 years! 31 The life span of a taste bud is ten days. 32 It's impossible to sneeze with your eyes open. 33 Give a tennis ball a good, hard squee ze. You're using about the same amount of force your heart uses to pump blood out to the body. 34 The aorta, the largest artery in the body, is almost the diameter of a garden hose. 35 Capillaries, on the other hand, are so small that it takes ten of them to equal the thickness of a human hair. 36 Your body has about 5.6 liters (6 quarts) of blood. This 5.6 liters of blood circulates through the body three times every minute. 37 The heart pumps about 1 million barrels of blood during an average lifetime--that's enough to fill more than 3 super tankers. 38 Babies start dreaming even before they're born. 39 The human body can function without a brain . 40 Humans are the only primates that don't have pigment in the palms of their hands.

S.No Facts 41 10% of human dry weight comes from bacteria. 42 There is more bacteria in your mouth than the human population of the United States and Canada combined . 43 Every square inch of the human body has an average of 32 million bacteria on it. 44 A fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of three months 45 You sit on the biggest muscle in your body, the gluteus maximus a.k.a. the butt. Each of the two cheeky muscles tips the scales at about two pounds (not including the overlying fat layer). 46 The tiniest muscle, the stapedius of the middle ear , is just one-fifth of an inch long. 47 The average human head weighs about 10 pounds. 48 The average human brain weighs three pounds. 49 The DNA helix measures 80 billionths of an inch wide. 50 Your eyeballs are three and a half percent salt. 51 Head lice actually prefer to live on clean heads, not on dirty ones. 52 If Barbie were life-size, her measurements would be 39-23-33. She would stand seven feet, two inches tall and have a neck twice the length of a normal human's neck. 53 It takes about 20 seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body. 54 An average human drinks about 16,000 gallons of water in a lifetime. 55 Beards are the fastest growing hairs on the human body. If the average man never trimmed his beard, it would grow to nearly 30 feet long in his lifetime. 56 Humans shed about 600,000 particles of skin every hour - about 1.5 pounds a year. By 70 years of age, an average person will have lost 105 pounds of skin. 57 It only takes 7lbs of pressure to rip your ear off. 58 When you sneeze, all your bodily functions stop - even your heart. 59 Human teeth are almost as hard as rocks. 60 You burn more calories sleeping than you do watching T.V.