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Wednesday, December 8, 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000
Arvid Carlsson
Paul Greengard
Eric R. Kandel

Arvid Carlsson

Paul Greengard

Eric R. Kandel

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 was awarded jointly to Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric R. Kandel "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system".

Bharat Ratna Award

Bharat Ratna Award

Bharat Ratna Awards

Bharat Ratna Awards

Established: By the President of India, 2 January 1954. The regulations were revised 8 January 1955 (to alter the design) and amended 26 January 1957 (to alter the depiction of the devices on the obverse and reverse). From 13 July 1977 to 26 January 1980, awards of the Bharat Ratna were suspended.

Obverse
: A toned bronze pipal leaf design, 2-5/16 inches x 1-7/8 inches, "stem" downwards. (note, however, comments on the original design, above.) In the center, a platinum sunburst with the name of the decoration in silver-gilt in Sanskrit/Hindi "Bharat Ratna" (roughly, "Jewel of India") below. In 1957, the sun and motto were changed to burnished bronze. Worn around the neck from an oval suspender. Worn around the neck from an oval suspender.

Reverse
: In the center, the state emblem in platinum and the motto in silver-gilt. In 1957, this was altered to burnished bronze.

Ribbon
: 2 inches, white moire.

Awards
: To date, there have been thirty-three recipients of the Bharat Ratna, and many other names have been raised in public discussion.

The provision of Bharat Ratna was introduced in 1954. The first ever Indian to receive this award was the famous scientist, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. Since then, many dignitaries, each a whiz in varied aspects of their career has received this coveted award. In fact, our present President, Shri A. P. J Abdul Kalam is also a recipient of this esteemed honour (1997). There is no written provision that Bharat Ratna should be awarded to Indian citizens only. The award has been awarded to a naturalized Indian citizen, Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, better known as Mother Teresa (1980) and to two non-Indians – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela (1990). It is also not mandatory that Bharat Ratna be awarded every year. The last time Bharat Ratna Award was given in 2001, to Lata Dinanath Mangeshkar and Ustad Bismillah Khan.

List of Bharat Ratna Award Winners

Name of Recipients Year Name of Recipients Year
C Rajagopalachari (1878-1972) 1954 Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975) 1954
Dr. C.V. Raman (1888-1970) 1954 Dr. Bhagwan Das (1869-1958) 1955
Dr. M. Visvesvaraya (1861-1962) 1955 Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) 1955
Govind Ballabh Pant (1887-1961) 1957 Dr. Dhondo Keshave Karve (1858-1962) 1958
Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy (1882-1962) 1961 Purushottam Das Tandon (1882-1962) 1961
Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1884-1963) 1962 Dr. Zakir Hussain (1897-1969) 1963
Dr. Pandurang Vaman Kane (1880-1972) 1963 Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904-1966) (Posthumous)) 1966
Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) 1971 Varahagiri Venkatagiri (V.V. Giri) (1 884-1980) 1975
Kumaraswami Kamraj (1903-1975) (Posthumous) 1976 Mother Teresa (1910-1997) 1980
Acharya Vinobha Bhave (1895-1982) 1983 Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988) 1987
Marudu Gopalan Ramachandran (1917-1987) (Posthumous) 1988 Dr. Bhim Rao Ramji (B.R) Ambedkar (1891-1956) (Posthumous) 1990
Dr. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (1918- ) 1990 Rajiv Gandhi (1944-1991) (Posthumous) 1991
Sardar Vallabhai Patel (1875-1950) 1991 Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (1869-1995) 1991
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (1888-1958) (Posthumous) 1992 Jahangir Ratanji Dadabhai (J.R.D) Tata (1904-1993) 1992
Satyajit Ray (1922-1992) 1992 Aruna Asaf Ali (1909-1996) (Posthumous) 1997
Gulzari Lal Nanda (1898-1997) (Posthumous) 1997

Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (1931-)
1997
Madurai Shanmukhavadivu (M.S) Subbalakshmi (1916- ) 1998 Chidambaram Subramaniam (1910-2000) 1998
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan ( 1902-1979) (Posthumous) 1999 Professor Amartya Sen (1933- ) 1999
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi (1890-1950) (Posthumous) 1999 Pandit Ravi Shankar (1920-) 1999
Lata Mangeshkar (1929- ) 2001 Bissmillah Khan (1916- ) 2001















More Indian Awards

Who was inventor of stretothoscope "devicefor measuring rate of heart beat"?to whic country scientist belong? - Yahoo! Answers India

Who was inventor of stretothoscope "devicefor measuring rate of heart beat"?to whic country scientist belong?

Who was inventor of stretothoscope "devicefor measuring rate of heart beat"?to whic country scientist belong?

The stethoscope was invented by the French physician R.T.H. Laënnec. René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec is generally considered to be the father of chest medicine.


History of the Stethoscope
One day in 1816, Laennec was invited by children to hear to the scratching of a pin transmitted through the length of a wooden beam. He is thereby inspired to fashion a paper tube to listen to the chests of his patients.